Internet Protocol-Based Emergency Services
[Book Description]
Written by international experts in the field, this book covers the standards, architecture and deployment issues related to IP-based emergency services This book brings together contributions from experts on technical and operational aspects within the international standardisation and regulatory processes relating to routing and handling of IP-based emergency calls. Readers will learn how these standards work, how various standardization organizations contributed to them and about pilot projects, early deployment and current regulatory situation. Key Features: * Provides an overview of how the standards related to IP-based emergency services work, and how various organizations contributed to them * Focuses on SIP and IMS-based communication systems for the Internet * Covers standards, architecture and deployment issues * International focus, with coverage of the major national efforts in this area * Written by the experts who were/are involved in the development of the standards (NENA, EENA, 3GPP, IETF, ETSI, etc.) * Accompanying website provides updates on standards and deployment (http://ip-emergency.net) This book is an excellent resource for vendors building software and equipment for emergency services, engineers/researchers engaged in development of networks and network elements and standardization, emergency services providers, standardization experts, product persons, those within the regulatory environment. Students and lecturers, infrastructure and application service providers will also find this book of interest.
[Table of Contents]
List of Figures xiii
List of Tables xvii
List of Contributors xix
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxv
Acronyms xxvii
1 Introduction 1 (10)
1.1 History 1 (4)
1.2 Overview 5 (3)
1.3 Building Blocks 8 (3)
1.3.1 Recognizing Emergency Calls 8 (1)
1.3.2 Obtaining and Conveying Location 9 (1)
Information
1.3.3 Routing Emergency Calls 9 (2)
2 Location: Formats, Encoding and Protocols 11 (92)
2.1 Applying the PIDF-LO civicAddress Type to 14 (17)
US Addresses
2.1.1 Introduction: The Context and Purpose 15 (2)
of PIDF-LO and CLDXF
2.1.2 CLDXF Elements 17 (13)
2.1.3 Conclusion 30 (1)
2.2 DHCP as a Location Configuration Protocol 31 (6)
(LCP)
2.2.1 What's New in RFC 6225? 32 (1)
2.2.2 DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 Option Formats 32 (3)
2.2.3 Option Support 35 (1)
2.2.4 Latitude and Longitude Fields 36 (1)
2.2.5 Altitude 36 (1)
2.2.6 Datum 37 (1)
2.3 Geography Markup Language (GML) 37 (10)
2.3.1 Introduction 37 (1)
2.3.2 Overview of the OGC 38 (1)
2.3.3 The OGC Geography Markup Language 38 (9)
(GML)
2.3.4 Conclusion 47 (1)
2.4 A Taxonomy of the IETF HELD Protocol 47 (25)
2.4.1 The US and HELD 48 (1)
2.4.2 LIS Discovery 48 (5)
2.4.3 Basic HELD 53 (6)
2.4.4 HELD Target Identities and 59 (3)
Third-Party Requests
2.4.5 HELD Measurements 62 (2)
2.4.6 HELD as a Dereference Protocol 64 (2)
2.4.7 HELD Policy URIs 66 (3)
2.4.8 HELD Device Capabilities 69 (3)
2.5 OMA Enablers and Emergency Services 72 (20)
2.5.1 SUPL 73 (11)
2.5.2 MLS 84 (1)
2.5.3 MLP 85 (4)
2.5.4 LOCSIP 89 (3)
2.6 3GPP Location Protocols 92 (11)
2.6.1 Introduction 92 (1)
2.6.2 Location Technology in 3GPP Networks 93 (7)
2.6.3 Emergency Location Information in 100 (1)
3GPP CS Domain, Control Plane
2.6.4 Emergency Location Information in the 100 (3)
IMS
3 Architectures 103 (90)
3.1 NENA i2 104 (15)
3.1.1 Background 104 (1)
3.1.2 The i2 Architecture 105 (12)
3.1.3 Regulatory Situation and Deployment 117 (2)
Status
3.2 NENA i3 119 (7)
3.2.1 History 119 (1)
3.2.2 Emergency Services IP Networks 120 (1)
3.2.3 Signaling and Routing IP-Originated 121 (1)
Calls
3.2.4 Legacy Wireline and Wireless 122 (1)
Origination
3.2.5 Emergency Events 123 (1)
3.2.6 Routing Calls Within the ESInet 123 (1)
3.2.7 Provisioning the ECRF 124 (1)
3.2.8 PSAPs 125 (1)
3.2.9 Other i3 Features 126 (1)
3.3 IETF Emergency Services for Internet 126 (13)
Multimedia
3.3.1 Introduction 126 (2)
3.3.2 Recognizing Emergency Calls 128 (1)
3.3.3 Obtaining and Conveying Location 128 (1)
Information
3.3.4 Routing Emergency Calls 129 (1)
3.3.5 Obligations 130 (2)
3.3.6 LoST Mapping Architecture 132 (3)
3.3.7 Steps Toward an IETF Emergency 135 (3)
Services Architecture
3.3.8 Summary 138 (1)
3.4 Emergency Services Support in WiFi 139 (3)
Networks
3.4.1 Introduction 139 (1)
3.4.2 Location Configuration 140 (1)
3.4.3 Support for Emergency Services 141 (1)
3.4.4 Support for Emergency Alert Systems 142 (1)
3.5 WiMAX 142 (21)
3.5.1 The WiMAX Network Architecture 143 (5)
3.5.2 Network Architecture for Emergency 148 (2)
Services Support
3.5.3 The Fundamental Building Blocks 150 (2)
3.5.4 Roaming Considerations and Network 152 (2)
Entry
3.5.5 Limited Access 154 (3)
3.5.6 Location Support in WiMAX 157 (6)
3.5.7 Conclusion 163 (1)
3.6 3GPP 163 (30)
3.6.1 Introduction 163 (1)
3.6.2 Requirements 164 (5)
3.6.3 Emergency Calls in the CS Domain 169 (7)
3.6.4 Emergency Calls in PS Domain 176 (13)
3.6.5 Identified Overload Problems 189 (4)
4 Deployment Examples 193 (44)
4.1 Emergency Calling in Sweden 195 (14)
4.1.1 Introduction 195 (1)
4.1.2 Overview 196 (2)
4.1.3 Protocols for PSAP Interconnection 198 (2)
4.1.4 Protocol Standards 200 (1)
4.1.5 Media 201 (1)
4.1.6 Emergency Call Routing 201 (1)
4.1.7 Testing 201 (1)
4.1.8 Examples 201 (8)
4.2 UK Specification for Locating VoIP Callers 209 (7)
4.2.1 Introduction 209 (1)
4.2.2 The Regulatory Environment 209 (1)
4.2.3 Standards Development 210 (1)
4.2.4 The Current UK Emergency Services 210 (1)
Structure
4.2.5 Principles Driving the Specification 211 (2)
4.2.6 Putting It All Together 213 (2)
4.2.7 Implications for Access Network 215 (1)
Providers
4.3 Implementation of Vo1P 9-1-1 Services in 216 (14)
Canada
4.3.1 Regulatory Framework (About the CRTC) 217 (1)
4.3.2 Canada's Telecom Profile 217 (3)
4.3.3 Interim Solution for Nomadic and 220 (2)
Fixed/Non-Native VoIP
4.3.4 The (Defunct) Canadian i2 Proposal 222 (5)
4.3.5 VoIP Regulatory Processes, Decisions 227 (2)
and Milestones
4.3.6 Lessons Learned 229 (1)
4.3.7 Conclusion 230 (1)
4.4 US/Indiana Wireless Direct Network Project 230 (7)
4.4.1 Background and History of the IWDN 231 (1)
4.4.2 The IWDN Crossroads Project 231 (1)
4.4.3 The IN911 IP Network 232 (3)
4.4.4 Conclusion 235 (2)
5 Security for IP-Based Emergency Services 237 (16)
5.1 Introduction 237 (1)
5.2 Communication Model 238 (2)
5.3 Adversary Models and Security Threats 240 (1)
5.4 Security Threats 241 (7)
5.4.1 Denial-of-Service Attacks 242 (1)
5.4.2 Attacks Involving the Emergency 242 (1)
Identifier
5.4.3 Attacks Against the Mapping System 243 (1)
5.4.4 Attacks Against the Location 244 (1)
Information Server
5.4.5 Swatting 245 (1)
5.4.6 Attacks to Prevent a Specific 246 (1)
Individual From Receiving Aid
5.4.7 Attacks to Gain Information About an 246 (1)
Emergency
5.4.8 Interfering With the US and LoST 246 (1)
Server Discovery Procedure
5.4.9 Call Identity Spoofing 247 (1)
5.5 Countermeasures 248 (5)
5.5.1 Discovery 248 (2)
5.5.2 Secure Session Setup and Caller 250 (1)
Identity
5.5.3 Media Exchange 251 (1)
5.5.4 Mapping Database Security 251 (2)
6 Emergency Services for Persons With 253 (8)
Disabilities
6.1 What Is Specific with Communication for 253 (2)
People with Disabilities?
6.1.1 Important Characteristics of Regular 253 (1)
Voice Telephony
6.1.2 Important Characteristics of 254 (1)
Accessible Conversational Services Suitable
for People with Disabilities
6.2 Reality Today 255 (1)
6.3 Interpretation of the Term "Equivalent 255 (1)
Service"
6.4 Sad History 256 (1)
6.5 Policy and Regulation Support 256 (2)
6.5.1 UN Convention on the Rights of 256 (1)
Persons with Disabilities
6.5.2 The European Union Universal Service 257 (1)
Directive
6.5.3 The Telecom Act and Public 257 (1)
Procurement Act in the United States
6.5.4 Americans With Disability Act 257 (1)
6.5.5 Relay Service Regulation in the 258 (1)
United States
6.6 Good Opportunities in IP-Based Services 258 (2)
6.7 Implementation Experience 260 (1)
7 Regulatory Situation 261 (18)
7.1 Regulatory Aspects of Emergency Services 262 (4)
in the United States
7.1.1 Introduction 262 (1)
7.1.2 Background 262 (1)
7.1.3 E9-1-1 Requirements 263 (3)
7.2 Regulatory Aspects of Emergency Services 266 (13)
in the European Union
7.2.1 Introduction 266 (1)
7.2.2 Regulatory Development of Emergency 267 (1)
Services Under EU Law
7.2.3 Current Legal Framework 267 (7)
7.2.4 New Legal Framework 274 (2)
7.2.5 Emergency Regulation Outside of the 276 (1)
EU Telecom Regulatory Framework
7.2.6 Conclusion 276 (3)
8 Research Projects and Pilots 279 (42)
8.1 REACH 112: Responding to All Citizens 280 (8)
Needing Help
8.1.1 Outline 280 (2)
8.1.2 Emergency Service Access 282 (2)
8.1.3 The Obstacles 284 (4)
8.1.4 Conclusion 288 (1)
8.2 PEACE: IP-Based Emergency Applications 288 (10)
and Services for Next-Generation Networks
8.2.1 Introduction 288 (1)
8.2.2 Project Scope 289 (2)
8.2.3 Development Status 291 (7)
8.3 US Department of Transportation's NG 298 (23)
9-1-1 Pilot Project
8.3.1 Overview 298 (2)
8.3.2 Proof-of-Concept Description 300 (13)
8.3.3 Testing 313 (4)
8.3.4 Conclusion 317 (4)
9 Organizations 321 (20)
9.1 ETSI EMTEL 322 (4)
9.1.1 Purpose of ETSI Special Committee 322 (1)
EMTEL (Emergency Communications)
9.1.2 Main Features of EMTEL 322 (1)
9.1.3 Scope of ETSI SC EMTEL Work 323 (1)
9.1.4 Operation and Activities of SC EMTEL 324 (1)
9.1.5 EMTEL Evolution and Strategy 324 (1)
9.1.6 Vision for Future Emergency Services 325 (1)
9.2 NENA 326 (1)
9.3 EENA 327 (3)
9.3.1 What Is EENA? 327 (1)
9.3.2 What EENA Does? 327 (1)
9.3.3 What Are the EENA Memberships? 328 (2)
9.4 Ecma International 330 (2)
9.4.1 Ecma International 330 (1)
9.4.2 Ecma Technical Committee TC32 331 (1)
9.4.3 ECMA TR/101, Next Generation 331 (1)
Corporate Networks (NGCN)-Emergency Calls
9.5 ATIS 332 (4)
9.5.1 Emergency Services Interconnection 332 (1)
Forum (ESIF)
9.5.2 Next-Generation Emergency Services 333 (1)
(NGES) Subcommittee
9.5.3 Example ESIF Issues 334 (2)
9.5.4 Summary 336 (1)
9.6 The NG9-1-1 Caucus and the NG9-1-1 336 (2)
Institute
9.7 COCOM EGEA 338 (3)
10 Conclusion and Outlook 341 (8)
10.1 Location 341 (1)
10.2 Architectures 342 (1)
10.3 Deployments 343 (1)
10.4 Security and Privacy 344 (1)
10.5 Emergency Services for Persons with 344 (1)
Disabilities
10.6 Regulation 345 (1)
10.7 Research Projects and Pilots 345 (1)
10.8 Funding 346 (3)
References 349 (14)
Index 363
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