Improving the Performance of Wireless LANs : A Practical Guide (Chapman & Hall/crc Computer and Information Science)
[Book Description]
While there are countless books on wireless networks, few actually quantify the key performance-limiting factors of wireless local area networks (WLANs) and describe various methods for improving WLAN performance. Fulfilling these needs, Improving the Performance of Wireless LANs: A Practical Guide provides both theoretical background and empirical results for the optimum planning and deployment of high performance WLAN systems in different residential and commercial buildings. Useful to students, faculties, researchers, engineers, and network developers, this must-have book not only explains the fundamentals of WLAN systems, including WLAN features and standards, but also: * Supplies strategic guidelines for WLAN system design, modeling, and performance evaluation * Includes radio propagation and site measurements as well as simulations for various network design scenarios * Discusses environmental effects on WLAN performance, protocol redesign for routing and MAC, and traffic distribution * Contains numerous illustrations and examples, plus chapter summaries, review questions, reading lists, mini-projects, an extensive glossary, and a list of acronyms * Examines emerging and future network technologies, such as next generation Wi-Fi (802.11ac), very high throughput Wi-Fi (802.11ad), wireless mesh networking (802.11s), emergency QoS (802.11u), and vehicle-to-vehicle communications (802.11p) Improving the Performance of Wireless LANs: A Practical Guide makes the teaching, learning, and researching of advanced wireless network design and performance a more active process by using practical tools and exercises to add life to this highly technical subject.
[Table of Contents]
Foreword, xxv
Preface, xxvii
Acknowledgments, xxxiii
About the Author, xxxv
Acronyms, xxxvii
Section I Theoretical Background
Chapter 1 Introduction 3 (14)
Learning Outcomes 3 (1)
Introduction and Benefits of WLANs 3 (2)
WLAN Standards 5 (1)
Motivation for WLAN Performance Study 5 (2)
Methodology Adopted for WLAN Performance 7 (2)
Study
Contribution and Structure of This Book 9 (4)
Further Reading 13 (1)
Books 13 (1)
Research Papers 13 (1)
Summary 13 (1)
Key Terms 14 (1)
Review Questions 14 (1)
Mini-Projects 14 (3)
Chapter 2 Wireless Local Area Networks 17 (20)
Learning Outcomes 17 (1)
Introduction 17 (1)
WLAN Architecture 18 (2)
WLAN versus Cellular Networks 20 (1)
WLAN Performance-Limiting Factors 21 (1)
IEEE 802.11 Physical Layer 22 (4)
Automatic Rate Fallback 24 (2)
Location-Dependent Effects 26 (2)
Capture Effect 26 (1)
Hidden and Exposed Station Problems 27 (1)
IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control Methods 28 (4)
IEEE 802.11 DCF 29 (2)
IEEE 802.11 PCF 31 (1)
Shortcomings of 802.11 32 (1)
WLAN Performance Estimation Approaches 32 (1)
Further Reading 33 (1)
Books 33 (1)
Research Papers 33 (1)
Summary 34 (1)
Key Terms 34 (1)
Review Questions 35 (1)
Mini-Projects 35 (2)
Chapter 3 Radio Propagation Characteristics 37 (10)
Learning Outcomes 37 (1)
Introduction 37 (1)
Radio Propagation Mechanisms 38 (1)
Radio Propagation Environment: A Review of 38 (3)
Literature
Signal Interference 41 (1)
Multipath Propagation 41 (1)
Attenuation 42 (1)
Signal Quality: RSS, SNR, SIR, and BER 42 (2)
Received Signal Strength 42 (1)
Signal-to-Noise Ratio 43 (1)
Signal-to-Interference Ratio 43 (1)
Bit Error Rate 44 (1)
Further Reading 44 (1)
Books 44 (1)
Research Papers 44 (1)
Summary 44 (1)
Key Terms 45 (1)
Review Questions 45 (1)
Mini-Projects 45 (2)
Chapter 4 Wireless Medium Access Control 47 (18)
Protocols
Learning Outcomes 47 (1)
Introduction 47 (1)
Wireless MAC Protocols: A Review of the 48 (9)
Literature
Wireless MAC Protocol Classification 48 (1)
Contention-Based versus Contention-Free 49 (1)
MAC Protocol
Representative MAC Protocols 50 (10)
Multiple Access with Collision 52 (1)
Avoidance Protocol
Multiple Access with Collision 53 (1)
Avoidance for Wireless Networks Protocol
Centralized Packet Reservation Multiple 53 (1)
Access (C-PRMA) Protocol
Floor Acquisition Multiple Access and 54 (1)
Group Allocation Multiple Access with
Packet Sensing (GAMA-PS) Protocols
Simple Dynamic Protocol (SDP), Dynamic 54 (1)
802.11 and 802.11+
Priority Unavoidable Multiple Access 55 (1)
(PUMA) Protocol
TDMA-Based Randomly Addressed Polling 55 (1)
(TRAP) Protocol
Fast Collision Resolution (FCR) 55 (1)
Interleaved Carrier Sense Multiple 55 (1)
Access (ICSMA) Protocol
Collision-Free MAC, Fair MAC, and 56 (1)
802.11 Distributed Foundation Wireless
MAC (DFWMAC)
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with ID 56 (1)
Countdown (CSMA/IC) and Carrier Sense
Multiple Access with Collision
Prevention (CSMA/CP) Protocols
Concatenation and Piggybacking 57 (1)
Mechanisms
Collision Detection (CD) MAC Protocol 57 (1)
New Backoff Algorithm 57 (1)
MAC Protocol Performance Issues 57 (3)
Design Issues for Wireless MAC Protocols 60 (2)
Influence of Radio Propagation on MAC 60 (1)
Protocol Design
Effect of Network Performance on MAC 61 (1)
Protocol Design
Further Reading 62 (1)
Books 62 (1)
Research Papers 62 (1)
Summary 62 (1)
Key Terms 63 (1)
Review Questions 63 (1)
Mini-Projects 64 (1)
Chapter 5 Wireless Routing Protocols 65 (26)
Learning Outcomes 65 (1)
Introduction 65 (1)
Properties of Routing Protocols 66 (1)
Design Issues of Routing Protocols 66 (2)
MANET Routing Approaches 68 (10)
Optimized Link State Routing 69 (1)
Dynamic Source Routing 69 (3)
Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector 72 (3)
Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm 75 (3)
Comparison of Routing Protocols 78 (2)
Performance of Routing Protocols 80 (7)
Performance Issues 82 (3)
A Proposal for Improving MANET Routing 85 (2)
Performance
Further Reading 87 (2)
Books 87 (2)
Research Papers 89 (1)
Summary 89 (1)
Key Terms 89 (1)
Review Questions 89 (1)
Mini-Projects 90 (1)
Chapter 6 Cross-Layer Design For WLANs 91 (16)
Learning Outcomes 91 (1)
Introduction 91 (1)
Definition of CLD 92 (1)
Motivation for CLD 92 (1)
Various Approaches to CLD 93 (1)
Strengths and Weaknesses of CLD Approaches 94 (1)
CLD Optimization: A Review of the Literature 95 (5)
Cross-Layer Design: A Survey and Taxonomy 95 (1)
TCP Path Recovery Notification (TCP-PRN) 95 (2)
Best Video Quality Using CLD 97 (1)
Rate Adaptation Solution 97 (1)
Joint Quality and Rate Adaptation 97 (1)
Opportunistic Cooperative MAC (DC-MAC) 97 (1)
Weighted Fair Scheduling Adaptive Rate 98 (1)
Control Framework
Rate Optimization for Multicast 98 (1)
Communications
Rate Adaptation and Payload Length 98 (1)
Cross-Layer Performance Evaluation 98 (1)
Framework
Rate-Proportional 802.11 Fairness 99 (1)
Rayleigh Channel Predictability 99 (1)
Joint PHY-MAC Layer Design 99 (1)
Further Reading 100 (1)
Books 100 (1)
Research Papers 101 (1)
Summary 101 (1)
Key Terms 102 (1)
Review Questions 102 (1)
Mini-Projects 102 (5)
Section II Empirical Study
Chapter 7 Effect of Radio Propagation 107 (28)
Environments on WLAN Performance
Learning Outcomes 107 (1)
Introduction 108 (1)
The Environments Used 108 (3)
Environment A: Duthie Whyte Building 108 (3)
Environment B: AUT Tower 111 (1)
Environment C: Suburban House 111 (1)
Measurement Procedure and Resources Used 111 (4)
Measurement Results 115 (15)
Environment A 115 (10)
Experiment 1: Effect of Tx-Rx 115 (2)
Orientation
Experiment 2: Effect of LOS Condition 117 (1)
in the Basement
Experiment 3: Effect of Office Wall 118 (2)
Partitions
Experiment 4: Effect of LOS Blockage 120 (1)
Experiment 5: Effect of Floors 121 (1)
Experiment 6: Effect of Single-Wall 122 (1)
Separation
Experiment 7: Effect of Microwave Oven 123 (2)
Interference
Environment B 125 (3)
Scenario 1: Ad Hoc Network 125 (1)
Scenario 2: Infrastructure Network 126 (2)
Environment C 128 (1)
Performance Comparison of Environments A, 129 (1)
B, and C
Measurement Accuracy and Validation 130 (1)
Further Reading 131 (1)
Books 131 (1)
Research Papers 131 (1)
Summary 131 (1)
Key Terms 132 (1)
Review Questions (scenario based) 132 (1)
Mini-Projects 133 (2)
Chapter 8 Performance of 802.11g in an 135 (16)
Obstructed Office Space
Learning Outcomes 135 (1)
Introduction 135 (1)
Propagation Study 136 (5)
Measurement Environment and Procedure 136 (2)
Measurement Results and Discussion 138 (1)
Overall Observation and Discussion 139 (1)
Measurement Accuracy and Validation 140 (1)
Simulation Study 141 (5)
Modeling the Network 141 (2)
Simulation Results 143 (2)
Simulation Accuracy and Model Verification 145 (1)
System Implications 146 (1)
Further Reading 146 (1)
Books 146 (1)
Book Chapters 146 (1)
Research Papers 146 (1)
Summary 146 (1)
Key Terms 147 (1)
Review Questions 147 (1)
Mini-Projects 148 (3)
Chapter 9 Improving WLAN Performance by 151 (32)
Modifying MAC Protocols
Learning Outcomes 151 (1)
Introduction 151 (1)
Previous Work on the Enhancement of 802.11 152 (2)
Description of the Proposed BUMA Protocol 154 (4)
Optimization of Buffer Unit Length 157 (1)
Strengths and Weaknesses 158 (1)
Protocol Overhead and Throughput Analysis 158 (7)
Discussion and Interpretation 165 (1)
Performance Evaluation 165 (3)
Simulation Environment and Parameters 166 (1)
Modeling Assumptions 166 (2)
Simulation Results and Comparison 168 (1)
Throughput Performance 168 (2)
Delay Performance 170 (1)
MDT Fairness 170 (7)
Packet Drop Ratio 177 (1)
Simulation Model Verification 177 (1)
Implementation 177 (2)
Further Reading 179 (1)
Books 179 (1)
Book Chapters 179 (1)
Research Papers 179 (1)
Summary 179 (1)
Key Terms 180 (1)
Review Questions 181 (1)
Mini-Projects 181 (2)
Chapter 10 Effect of AP Configuration and 183 (20)
Placement on WLAN Performance
Learning Outcomes 183 (1)
Introduction 183 (1)
AP Configuration Methods 184 (4)
Measurement Procedure and Resources Used 188 (1)
Results and Discussion for AP Configuration 189 (2)
Measurement Accuracy and Validation 191 (1)
Implications for AP Configuration 191 (1)
Experiment Details for AP Placement 192 (1)
Results and Discussion for AP Placement 193 (3)
Semi-LOS Conditions 193 (1)
Non-LOS Conditions 194 (2)
Simulation Study 196 (2)
Implications for AP Placement 198 (2)
Further Reading 200 (1)
Books 200 (1)
Research Papers 200 (1)
Summary 200 (1)
Key Terms 200 (1)
Review Questions 201 (1)
Mini-Projects 201 (2)
Chapter 11 Effect of Routing Protocols on 203 (46)
WLAN Performance
Learning Outcomes 203 (1)
Introduction 203 (1)
Performance Study of MANET Routing Protocols 204 (5)
Network Scenarios 204 (1)
Modeling Assumptions 205 (1)
Simulation Environment and Parameter 206 (1)
Settings
Modeling the Network 206 (3)
Experiment's Results 209 (7)
Impact of Network Size (Small, Medium, 209 (1)
and Large)
Scenario 1: Small-Sized Network (N = 10, 209 (2)
NS = 5 m/s, PL = 1,000 bytes)
Scenario 2: Medium-Sized Network (N = 50, 211 (3)
NS = 5 m/s, PL = 1,000 bytes)
Scenario 3: Large-Sized Network (N = 100, 214 (2)
NS = 5 m/s, PL = 1,000 bytes)
Impact of Increasing Node Speed 216 (10)
Scenario 4: Varying Node Speed in a 217 (3)
Small-Sized Network (N = 10, NS = 20 and
30 m/s, PL = 1,000 bytes)
Scenario 5: Varying Node Speed in a 220 (2)
Medium-Sized Network (N = 50, NS = 20 and
30 m/s, PL = 1,000 bytes)
Scenario 6: Varying Node Speed in a 222 (4)
Large-Sized Network (N = 100, NS = 20 and
30 m/s, PL = 1,000 bytes)
Impact of Increasing Traffic Load 226 (11)
Scenario 7: Varying Traffic Load in a 226 (4)
Small-Sized Network (N = 10, NS = 30 m/s,
PL = 5,000 and 50,000 bytes)
Scenario 8: Varying Traffic Load in a 230 (4)
Medium-Sized Network (N = 50, NS = 30
m/s, PL = 5,000 and 50,000 bytes)
Scenario 9: Varying Traffic Load in a 234 (3)
Large-Sized Network (N = 100, NS = 30
m/s, PL = 5,000 and 50,000 bytes)
Comparative Analysis 237 (3)
Overall Observation and Interpretations 240 (5)
Effect of Network Size 242 (1)
Effect of Node Mobility 243 (1)
Effect of Packet Length (Traffic Load) 244 (1)
Validation of Simulation Results 245 (1)
Further Reading 246 (1)
Books 246 (1)
Research Papers 246 (1)
Summary 246 (1)
Key Terms 247 (1)
Review Questions 247 (1)
Mini-Projects 247 (2)
Chapter 12 Improving WLAN Performance Using 249 (24)
CLD Optimization
Learning Outcomes 249 (1)
Introduction 249 (1)
Effect of Channel BER on WLAN Performance 250 (10)
Relationship between BER and FER 251 (1)
Implementation of BER in Ns-2.31 252 (1)
Performance Results 253 (3)
Comparative Analysis 256 (1)
Impact of BER on Network Throughput 257 (1)
Impact of BER on Packet Delay 258 (1)
Impact of BER on Network Fairness 259 (1)
Impact of BER on Packet Drop Ratio 259 (1)
Proposed PHY-MAC Layer Design Framework 260 (6)
Cross-Layer Design Algorithms 262 (2)
Benefits and Practical Implications of 264 (2)
the Proposed CLD Method
Performance Evaluation 266 (4)
Simulation Results and Comparison 266 (3)
Overall Observations and Interpretations 269 (1)
Simulation Model Verification 270 (1)
Further Reading 270 (1)
Books 270 (1)
Research Papers 270 (1)
Summary 270 (1)
Key Terms 271 (1)
Review Questions 272 (1)
Mini-Projects 272 (1)
Chapter 13 Effect of Traffic Distribution on 273 (20)
WLAN Performance
Learning Outcomes 273 (1)
Introduction 273 (1)
Traffic Generators and Arrival Processes 274 (2)
Simulation Results and Comparative Analysis 276 (11)
Effect of Packet Arrival Distributions on 277 (3)
System Performance
Comparative Analysis 280 (1)
Impact of Traffic Arrival Distributions 280 (2)
on Network Throughput
Impact of Traffic Arrival Distributions 282 (1)
on Network Mean Packet Delay
Impact of Traffic Arrival Distributions 283 (1)
on Network Fairness
Impact of Traffic Arrival Distributions 284 (2)
on Packet Drop Ratios
Summary of Findings 286 (1)
System Implications 287 (1)
Simulation Model Verification 288 (1)
Further Reading 288 (1)
Books 288 (1)
Research Papers 289 (1)
Summary 289 (1)
Key Terms 290 (1)
Review Questions 290 (1)
Mini-Projects 290 (3)
Chapter 14 Combined Effect of Signal Strength 293 (28)
and Traffic Type on WLAN Performance
Learning Outcomes 293 (1)
Introduction 294 (1)
Experiment's Details 295 (3)
Methodology and Scenarios 295 (3)
Experiment's Design 298 (1)
Empirical Results 298 (6)
Scenario 1: Ad Hoc Network 299 (1)
Scenario 2: Infrastructure Network 300 (1)
without Contention
Scenario 3: Infrastructure Network with 300 (2)
Contention
Summary of Measurement Results 302 (2)
Measurement Accuracy and Validation 304 (1)
Simulation Study 304 (10)
Modeling the Network 305 (2)
Simulation Results 307 (7)
Performance of VoIP Traffic 307 (3)
Performance of Video-Conferencing 310 (2)
(Video) Traffic
Effect of RSS on Network Performance 312 (1)
Overall Observation and Interpretation 313 (1)
Validation of Simulation Results 314 (1)
Further Reading 314 (1)
Books 314 (1)
Research Papers 314 (1)
Summary 314 (1)
Key Terms 315 (1)
Review Questions 315 (1)
Mini-Projects 316 (5)
Section III Concluding Remarks
Chapter 15 Implications for System Planning 321 (14)
and Deployment
Learning Outcomes 321 (1)
Introduction 321 (1)
An Evolutionary Path for Adopting WLAN 322 (1)
Technology
Deployment of WLANs 323 (4)
Single-Floor Office Scenario 323 (1)
Deployment of Ad Hoc Networks 323 (1)
Deployment of Infrastructure Networks 324 (1)
Multifloor Office Scenario 324 (1)
Computer Laboratory 325 (1)
Residential House Environment 325 (1)
Summary of Findings 326 (1)
Deploying High-Performance WLANs 327 (1)
Joint PHY-MAC Layer Design 327 (1)
Combined Effect of RSS and Traffic Type 328 (1)
Recommendation for Future Development 328 (3)
WLAN Performance Evaluation in the 328 (1)
Presence of Hidden and Exposed Stations
Performance Study of 802.11a Networks 329 (1)
Rate Adaptation QoS-Aware MAC Protocol 329 (1)
for Multimedia WLANs
Cross-Layer Design with Adaptive Payload 329 (1)
and Rate Adaptation for Multimedia WLANs
Development of an Adapting Routing 330 (1)
Protocol for WLANs
Development of Antenna-Aware Propagation 331 (1)
Models
Further Reading 331 (1)
Books 331 (1)
Research Papers 331 (1)
Summary 331 (1)
Key Terms 332 (1)
Review Questions 332 (1)
Mini-Projects 333 (2)
Chapter 16 Recent Developments In WLANs 335 (16)
Learning Outcomes 335 (1)
Introduction 335 (1)
IEEE 802.11n: High-Performance Wi-Fi 336 (2)
MIMO 337 (1)
PHY Enhancement 337 (1)
MAC Enhancement 337 (1)
IEEE 802.11ac: Next-Generation Wi-Fi 338 (1)
IEEE 802.11ad: Very High Throughput Wi-Fi 339 (1)
IEEE 802.11u: Emergency QoS 340 (1)
IEEE 802.11p: Vehicle-to-Vehicle 341 (1)
Communication
IEEE 802.11s: Wireless Mesh Networking 342 (2)
IEEE 802.22 Cognitive Radio Network 344 (1)
Green Networking 345 (1)
802.11i: Secure Wireless Network 345 (1)
Further Reading 346 (1)
Books 346 (1)
Research Papers 346 (1)
Summary 346 (1)
Key Terms 347 (1)
Review Questions 347 (1)
Mini-Projects 348 (3)
Glossary, 351 (10)
References, 361 (26)
Appendix A: Network Simulator 2 (Ns-2), 387 (4)
Appendix B: OPNET Modeler, 391 (2)
Appendix C: The IEEE 802.11 Standard, 393 (6)
Appendix D: Additional Results for Chapter 12, 399 (4)
Index, 403
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