Introduction to 4G Mobile Communications

[BOOK DESCRIPTION]

Long Term Evolution (LTE) was originally an internal 3GPP name for a program to enhance the capabilities of 3G radio access networks. The nickname has now evolved to become synonymous with 4G. This book concentrates on 4G systems, also known as LTE-Advanced. Telecommunications engineers and students are provided with a history of these systems, along with an overview of a mobile telecommunications system. The overview addresses the components in the system as well as their function. This resource guides telecommunications engineers though many important aspects of 4G including the air interface physical layer, Radio Access Networks, and 3GPP standardization, to name a few.

[TABLE OF CONTENTS]

Acknowledgments                                    xi
    1 Introduction                                 1  (4)
    2 History of Mobile Telecommunications         5  (24)
      2.1 First Generation                         5  (4)
        2.1.1 Introduction                         5  (1)
        2.1.2 AMPS                                 6  (1)
        2.1.3 TACS                                 7  (1)
        2.1.4 NMT                                  7  (1)
        2.1.5 C-NETZ                               8  (1)
        2.1.6 Radiocom2000                         8  (1)
        2.1.7 Japanese Systems                     8  (1)
        2.1.8 Summary                              9  (1)
      2.2 Second Generation                        9  (8)
        2.2.1 Introduction                         9  (1)
        2.2.2 Global System for Mobile             10 (3)
        Communication (GSM)
        2.2.3 Digital Advanced Mobile Phone        13 (1)
        System (D-AMPS)
        2.2.4 Code Division Multiple Access        14 (2)
        (IS-95 CDMA)
        2.2.5 Personal Digital Cellular (PDC)      16 (1)
        2.2.6 Integrated Dispatch Enhanced         16 (1)
        Network (iDEN)
        2.2.7 Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA)    17 (1)
      2.3 Third Generation                         17 (9)
        2.3.1 Introduction                         17 (1)
        2.3.2 3GPP                                 18 (4)
        2.3.3 3GPP2                                22 (4)
      2.4 Conclusions                              26 (3)
        References                                 28 (1)
    3 Overview of a Modern 4G                      29 (18)
    Telecommunications System
      3.1 Introduction                             29 (1)
      3.2 LTE-A System Architecture                29 (1)
      3.3 LTE RAN                                  30 (1)
      3.4 OFDM Air Interface                       31 (2)
      3.5 Evolved Packet Core                      33 (1)
      3.6 LTE Requirements                         33 (7)
      3.7 LTE-Advanced                             40 (4)
      3.8 LTE-A in Release 11                      44 (3)
        References                                 45 (2)
    4 OFDMA                                        47 (12)
      4.1 Introduction                             47 (4)
      4.2 OFDM Principles                          51 (5)
      4.3 LTE Uplink---SC-FDMA                     56 (1)
      4.4 Summary of OFDMA                         57 (2)
        References                                 58 (1)
    5 Air Interface: Physical Layer                59 (30)
      5.1 Introduction                             59 (1)
      5.2 Physical Layer---General                 60 (2)
      5.3 Physical-Layer Processing                62 (14)
        5.3.1 CRC Insertion                        63 (1)
        5.3.2 Channel Coding                       64 (4)
        5.3.3 Physical-Layer Hybrid-ARQ            68 (1)
        Processing
        5.3.4 Rate Matching and Channel            69 (1)
        Interleaving
        5.3.5 Scrambling                           70 (1)
        5.3.6 Modulation                           71 (4)
        5.3.7 Layer Mapping and Precoding          75 (1)
        5.3.8 Mapping to Assigned Resources and    76 (1)
        Antenna Ports
      5.4 Physical Channels in LTE-A               76 (5)
        5.4.1 Downlink Physical Channels           77 (3)
        5.4.2 Uplink Physical Channels             80 (1)
      5.5 Physical Layer Signals                   81 (5)
        5.5.1 Downlink Signals                     81 (4)
        5.5.2 Uplink Signals                       85 (1)
      5.6 Summary                                  86 (3)
        References                                 86 (3)
    6 Air Interface: Protocol Stack                89 (36)
      6.1 Introduction                             89 (1)
      6.2 Medium Access Control (MAC)              90 (9)
        6.2.1 MAC---General                        90 (6)
        6.2.2 Transport Channels                   96 (3)
      6.3 Radio Link Control (RLC)                 99 (6)
        6.3.1 RLC---General                        99 (2)
        6.3.2 RLC Functions                        101(1)
        6.3.3 Logical Channels                     102(3)
      6.4 Packet Data Convergence Protocol         105(3)
      (PDCP)
      6.5 Radio Resource Control (RRC)             108(17)
        6.5.1 Introduction                         108(1)
        6.5.2 UE States                            108(2)
        6.5.3 RRC Functions                        110(13)
        References                                 123(2)
    7 Radio Access Network                         125(22)
      7.1 Introduction                             125(1)
      7.2 E-UTRAN Architecture                     125(2)
      7.3 eNodeB                                   127(7)
        7.3.1 eNodeB Introduction                  127(1)
        7.3.2 eNodeB Functionality                 128(6)
      7.4 Home eNodeB                              134(8)
        7.4.1 Introduction                         134(2)
        7.4.2 Closed Subscriber Group (CSG)        136(1)
        7.4.3 HeNB Mobility                        137(1)
        7.4.4 HeNB Gateway                         137(1)
        7.4.5 Traffic Offloading                   137(5)
      7.5 Relay Node                               142(5)
        References                                 145(2)
    8 Core Network: Evolved Packet Core            147(22)
      8.1 Introduction                             147(1)
      8.2 Architecture                             148(7)
        8.2.1 Mobility Management Entity           148(2)
        8.2.2 Serving GW                           150(1)
        8.2.3 Packet Data Network Gateway          150(1)
        8.2.4 Home Subscriber Server               151(1)
        8.2.5 Evolved Serving Mobile Location      151(4)
        Center
        8.2.6 Gateway Mobile Location Center       155(1)
        8.2.7 Policy Control and Charging Rules    155(1)
        Function
      8.3 EPC Interfaces and Protocols             155(14)
        8.3.1 EPC Control Plane                    155(5)
        8.3.2 EPC User Plane                       160(2)
        8.3.3 Summary of EPC Interfaces            162(4)
        References                                 166(3)
    9 Procedures                                   169(26)
      9.1 Introduction                             169(1)
      9.2 Cell Search                              169(2)
      9.3 Random Access                            171(3)
      9.4 Tracking Area Update                     174(5)
      9.5 Initial Context Setup                    179(3)
      9.6 Handover (X2 interface)                  182(4)
      9.7 CSG Inbound HO                           186(3)
      9.8 S1 Release Procedure                     189(2)
      9.9 Dedicated Bearer Activation              191(4)
        References                                 193(2)
    10 Specifications                              195(20)
      10.1 Introduction                            195(1)
      10.2 Internal Structure                      195(7)
        10.2.1 TSG RAN                             197(2)
        10.2.2 TSG SA                              199(1)
        10.2.3 TSG CT                              200(1)
        10.2.4 TSGGERAN                            201(1)
        10.2.5 Mobile Competence Center (MCC)      202(1)
      10.3 Standardization Process                 202(8)
        10.3.1 Introduction                        202(1)
        10.3.2 Work Items                          202(2)
        10.3.3 Version Numbering                   204(1)
        10.3.4 Releases                            205(4)
        10.3.5 Development Cycle                   209(1)
      10.4 Specification Numbering                 210(1)
      10.5 Backwards Compatibility                 211(1)
      10.6 E-UTRAN Specifications                  212(3)
        References                                 214(1)
    11 LTE-A Features                              215(28)
      11.1 Energy Saving                           215(4)
      11.2 MIMO                                    219(5)
        11.2.1 MIMO Overview                       219(2)
        11.2.2 Downlink MIMO                       221(3)
        11.2.3 Uplink MIMO                         224(1)
      11.3 Relays                                  224(2)
      11.4 Carrier Aggregation                     226(3)
      11.5 Enhanced Intercell Interference         229(4)
      Coordination
      11.6 Evolved Multimedia Broadcast            233(2)
      Multicast Service
      11.7 Self-Organizing Networks                235(1)
        11.7.1 Automatic Neighbour Relations       235(1)
        (ANR)
        11.7.2 Mobililty Load Balancing (MLB)      235(1)
        11.7.3 Mobility Robustness Optimization    235(1)
        (MRO)
        11.7.4 Coverage and Capacity               236(1)
        Optimization
        11.7.5 RACH Optimization Function          236(1)
        11.7.6 Coordination Between Various SON    236(1)
        Functions
      11.8 Coordinated Multipoint                  236(2)
      Transmission/Reception
        11.8.1 Downlink CoMP                       237(1)
        11.8.2 Uplink CoMP                         238(1)
      11.9 LTE and Voice                           238(5)
        References                                 241(2)
    12 Future Developments                         243(26)
      12.1 Introduction                            243(1)
      12.2 Evolving LTE-A                          244(13)
        12.2.1 Proximity Services                  244(4)
        12.2.2 Machine-Type Communications         248(3)
        12.2.3 Mobile Relays                       251(4)
        12.2.4 Heterogeneous Networks              255(2)
      12.3 The Fifth Generation                    257(8)
        12.3.1 Introduction                        257(1)
        12.3.2 New Air Interface                   258(1)
        12.3.3 Bandwidth                           259(2)
        12.3.4 Network Architecture                261(1)
        12.3.5 Multiple Antennas                   262(1)
        12.3.6 Support for M2M Communications      263(1)
        12.3.7 Other Improvements                  264(1)
      12.4 METIS Project                           265(4)
        References                                 268(1)
Appendix: LTE and LTE-A Specifications             269(8)
About the Author                                   277(2)
Index                                              279