Graphene-Based Energy Devices
[BOOK DESCRIPTION]
This first book dedicated to the topic provides an up-to-date account of the many opportunities graphene offers for robust, workable energy generation and storage devices. Following a brief overview of the fundamentals of graphene, including the main synthesis techniques, characterization methods and properties, the first part goes on to deal with graphene for energy storage applications, such as lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors and hydrogen storage. The second part is concerned with graphene-based energy-generation devices, in particular conventional as well as microbial and enzymatic fuel cells, with chapters on graphene photovoltaics rounding off the book. Throughout, device architectures are not only discussed on a laboratory scale, but also ways for upscaling to an industrial level, including manufacturing processes and quality control. By bridging academic research and industrial development this is invaluable reading for materials scientists, physical chemists, electrochemists, solid state physicists, and those working in the electrotechnical industry.
[TABLE OF CONTENTS]
List of Contributors XIII
Preface XIX
1 Fundamental of Graphene 1 (48)
Seong C. Jun
1.1 Introduction 1 (2)
1.2 Synthesis of Graphene 3 (9)
1.2.1 Mechanical Cleavage 3 (1)
1.2.2 Epitaxial Growth 4 (1)
1.2.3 CVD Growth of Graphene 4 (1)
1.2.4 Solution-Based Graphene 5 (3)
1.2.4.1 Ultrasonication 6 (1)
1.2.4.2 Intercalation 7 (1)
1.2.4.3 Chemical Exfoliation 7 (1)
1.2.5 Synthesis of Composite Material 8 (4)
Based on Graphene Oxide
1.3 Characterization of Graphene 12 (13)
1.3.1 AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) 14 (2)
1.3.2 SEM 16 (1)
1.3.3 TEM/SEAD/EELS 16 (4)
1.3.4 XPS 20 (1)
1.3.5 XRD 21 (2)
1.3.6 Raman 23 (1)
1.3.7 Photoluminesces (PL) Measurement 23 (2)
1.4 Optical Property Modification of 25 (14)
Graphene
1.4.1 Absorption Property Modification of 25 (4)
Graphene (Terahertz, UV遊isible 湧IR)
1.4.1.1 Absorption Property of 25 (1)
Thermally Annealed Graphene Oxide
1.4.1.2 Absorption Property Plasma 26 (3)
Defected Graphene
1.4.2 PL Property Modification of Graphene 29 (24)
1.4.2.1 PL Properties of Oxygen Plasma 29 (1)
Treated Graphene
1.4.2.2 Substrate Effect 30 (5)
1.4.2.3 Pd Grafted Graphene Oxide 35 (4)
1.5 Optoelectric Application of Graphene 39 (6)
References 45 (4)
2 Graphene-Based Electrodes for Lithium Ion 49 (36)
Batteries
Ronghua Wang
Miaomiao Liu
Jing Sun
2.1 Introduction 49 (1)
2.2 The Working Principle of LIBs 50 (1)
2.3 Graphene-Based Cathode Materials for 51 (2)
LIBs
2.4 Graphene-Based Anode Materials for LIBs 53 (14)
2.4.1 Graphene as Anodes for LIBs 54 (2)
2.4.2 Graphene-Based Composites as Anodes 56 (11)
for LIBs
2.4.2.1 The Lithium Storage Mechanisms 57 (1)
of Anode Materials
2.4.2.2 Graphene祐i/Sn Composites as 58 (4)
Anodes for LIBs
2.4.2.3 Graphene柚etal Oxide Composites 62 (3)
as Anodes for LIBs
2.4.2.4 Graphene裕iO2/MoS2 Composites 65 (2)
as Anodes for LIBs
2.5 Two-Dimensional (2D) Flexible and 67 (7)
Binder-Free Graphene-Based Electrodes
2.5.1 Graphene-Based Flexible Anode 67 (6)
Materials for LIBs
2.5.1.1 2D Flexible and Binder-Free 67 (2)
Graphene Electrodes
2.5.1.2 2D Flexible and Binder-Free 69 (4)
Graphene-Based Hybrid Anode Electrodes
2.5.2 Graphene-Based Flexible Cathode 73 (1)
Materials for LIBs
2.6 Three-Dimensional Macroscopic 74 (4)
Graphene-Based Electrodes
2.7 Summary and Perspectives 78 (1)
References 79 (6)
3 Graphene-Based Energy Devices 85 (38)
Wei-Ren Liu
3.1 Introduction 85 (1)
3.2 Graphene for Li-Ion Batteries 85 (20)
3.2.1 Anode Materials 85 (15)
3.2.2 Cathode Materials 100 (5)
3.3 Graphene for Supercapacitors 105 (6)
3.4 Graphene for Li祐ulfur Batteries 111 (3)
3.5 Graphene for Fuel Cells 114 (2)
3.6 Graphene for Solar Cells 116 (2)
3.7 Summary 118 (1)
References 118 (5)
4 Graphene-Based Nanocomposites for 123 (22)
Supercapacitors
Xuanxuan Zhang
Tao Hu
Ming Xie
4.1 Introduction 123 (1)
4.2 Graphene-Based Supercapacitors 124 (12)
4.2.1 EDLCs 125 (3)
4.2.2 Graphene/Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 128 (1)
4.2.3 Graphene/Conducting Polymer 129 (5)
Composites
4.2.3.1 PANI-Graphene Nanocomposites 129 (3)
4.2.3.2 PPy宥raphene Nanocomposite 132 (2)
4.2.3.3 PEDOT宥raphene Nanocomposite 134 (1)
4.2.4 Atomic Layer Deposition for 134 (2)
Graphene/Metal Oxide Nanocomposites
4.3 Issues and Perspectives 136 (2)
References 138 (7)
5 High-Performance Supercapacitors Based on 145 (26)
Novel Graphene Composites
Junwu Xiao
Yangyang Xu
Shihe Yang
5.1 Introduction 145 (3)
5.2 Graphene Synthesis Methods 148 (3)
5.2.1 The "Top-Down" Approach 148 (2)
5.2.2 The "Bottom-Up" Approach 150 (1)
5.3 Graphene-Based Electrodes for 151 (14)
Supercapacitors
5.3.1 Graphene 151 (1)
5.3.2 Graphene-Based Composites 152 (19)
5.3.2.1 Graphene佑arbon Material 153 (1)
Composites
5.3.2.2 Graphene/Metal Oxide Composites 154 (4)
5.3.2.3 Graphene佑onducting Polymer 158 (6)
Composites
5.3.2.4 Graphene/Metal Oxide佑onducting 164 (1)
Polymer Composites
5.4 Conclusions and Prospects 165 (1)
References 166 (5)
6 Graphene for Supercapacitors 171 (44)
Richa Agrawal
Chunhui Chen
Yong Hao
Yin Song
Chunlei Wang
6.1 Introduction 171 (5)
6.1.1 Electrochemical Capacitors 171 (4)
6.1.1.1 Fundamentals of a Capacitor 172 (2)
6.1.1.2 Classification of 174 (1)
Electrochemical Capacitors
6.1.2 Graphene as a Supercapacitor 175 (1)
Material
6.2 Electrode Materials for Graphene-Based 176 (13)
Capacitors
6.2.1 Double-Layer Capacitance-Based 176 (7)
Graphene Electrode Materials
6.2.1.1 Electrodes Based on Graphene 176 (1)
Synthesized by Reduction of Graphene
Oxide
6.2.1.2 Activated-Graphene-Based 177 (2)
Electrodes
6.2.1.3 Graphene and Other Carbon 179 (1)
Nanostructure Composite Electrodes
6.2.1.4 Nitrogen-Doped-Graphene-Based 180 (3)
Electrodes
6.2.2 Graphene/Pseudocapacitive Material 183 (6)
Composite Based Electrode Materials
6.2.2.1 Graphene/Conducting Polymer 183 (3)
Composite Electrodes
6.2.2.2 Graphene/Transition-Metal Oxide 186 (3)
Composite Electrodes
6.3 Graphene-Based Asymmetric 189 (10)
Supercapacitors
6.3.1 Asymmetric Capacitors Based on 193 (2)
Graphene and Pseudocapacitive Materials
6.3.2 Graphene-Based Lithium-Ion 195 (4)
Capacitors
6.4 Graphene-Based Microsupercapacitors 199 (5)
6.5 Summary and Outlook 204 (1)
Acknowledgments 205 (1)
References 205 (10)
7 Graphene-Based Solar-Driven Water-Splitting 215 (34)
Devices
Jian Ru Gong
7.1 Introduction 215 (1)
7.2 Basic Architectures of Solar-Driven 216 (1)
Water-Splitting Devices
7.3 Promising Prospects of Graphene in 217 (2)
Solar-Driven Water-Splitting Devices
7.4 Graphene-Based Integrated 219 (8)
Photoelectrochemical Cells
7.5 Graphene-Based Mixed-Colloid 227 (8)
Photocatalytic Systems
7.6 Graphene-Based 235 (6)
Photovoltaic/Electrolyzer Devices
7.7 Conclusions and Perspectives 241 (1)
References 241 (8)
8 Graphene Derivatives in Photocatalysis 249 (28)
Luisa M. Pastrana-Martinez
Sergio Morales-Torres
Jos? L. Figueiredo
Joaquim L. Faria
Adri疣 M.T. Silva
8.1 Introduction 249 (1)
8.2 Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene 250 (4)
Oxide
8.2.1 Synthesis 250 (2)
8.2.2 Properties 252 (2)
8.3 Synthesis of Graphene-Based 254 (3)
Semiconductor Photocatalysts
8.3.1 Mixing Method 255 (1)
8.3.2 Sol宥el Process 255 (1)
8.3.3 Hydrothermal and Solvothermal 256 (1)
Methods
8.4 Photocatalytic Applications 257 (10)
8.4.1 Photodegradation of Organic 258 (4)
Pollutants
8.4.2 Photocatalytic Splitting of H2O 262 (2)
8.4.3 Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 264 (2)
8.4.4 Other Applications: Dye-Sensitized 266 (1)
Solar Cells
8.5 Conclusions and Outlook 267 (1)
Acknowledgments 268 (1)
References 268 (9)
9 Graphene-Based Photocatalysts for Energy 277 (18)
Applications: Progress and Future Prospects
Wanjun Wang
Donald K.L. Chan
Jimmy C. Vu
9.1 Introduction 277 (6)
9.1.1 Synthesis of Graphene-Based 278 (1)
Photocatalysts
9.1.2 Ex Situ Hybridization Strategy 279 (1)
9.1.3 In Situ Growth Strategy 279 (4)
9.1.3.1 Hydrothermal Method 279 (2)
9.1.3.2 Electrochemical and 281 (1)
Electrophoretic Deposition
9.1.3.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition 281 (1)
9.1.3.4 Photochemical Reaction 282 (1)
9.2 Energy Applications 283 (4)
9.2.1 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution 283 (2)
9.2.2 Photocatalytic Reduction of Carbon 285 (1)
dioxide
9.2.3 Environmental Remediation 286 (11)
9.2.3.1 Photodegradation of Organic Dyes 287 (1)
9.2.3.2 Water Disinfection 287 (1)
9.3 Conclusions and Outlook 287 (1)
References 288 (7)
10 Graphene-Based Devices for Hydrogen Storage 295 (12)
Hou Wang
Xingzhong Yuan
10.1 Introduction 295 (2)
10.2 Storage of Molecular Hydrogen 297 (4)
10.2.1 Graphene-Based Metal/Metal Oxide 299 (1)
10.2.2 Doped Graphene 300 (1)
10.3 Storage of Atomic Hydrogen Based on 301 (3)
Hydrogen Spillover
References 304 (3)
11 Graphene-Supported Metal Nanostructures with 307 (32)
Controllable Size and Shape as Advanced
Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells
Minmin Liu
Wei Chen
11.1 Introduction 307 (1)
11.2 Fuel Cells 308 (7)
11.2.1 Configuration and Design of PEMFCs 309 (1)
11.2.2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs) 310 (3)
11.2.3 Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells 313 (1)
(DFAFCs)
11.2.4 Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells (DAFCs) 314 (1)
and Biofuel Cells
11.3 Graphene-Based Metal Nanostructures as 315 (18)
Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells
11.3.1 Graphene-Supported Metal 315 (2)
Nanoclusters
11.3.2 Graphene-Supported Monometallic 317 (4)
and Alloy Metal Nanoparticles (NPs)
11.3.3 Graphene-Supported Core耀hell 321 (1)
Nanostructures
11.3.4 Graphene-Supported Hollow 322 (3)
Nanostructures
11.3.5 Graphene-Supported Cubic 325 (1)
Nanostructures
11.3.6 Graphene-Supported Nanowires and 326 (3)
Nanorods
11.3.7 Graphene-Supported Flower-Like 329 (2)
Nanostructures
11.3.8 Graphene-Supported Nanodendrites 331 (2)
11.3.9 Other Graphene-Supported 2D or 3D 333 (1)
Nanostructures
11.4 Conclusions 333 (1)
Acknowledgments 334 (1)
References 335 (4)
12 Graphene-Based Microbial Fuel Cells 339 (16)
Yezhen Zhang
Jian S. Ye
12.1 Introduction 339 (1)
12.2 MFC 340 (5)
12.2.1 The Working Principle of MFC 340 (1)
12.2.2 The Advantages of MFCs 341 (1)
12.2.3 The Classification of MFCs 342 (4)
12.2.3.1 Dual-Chamber and 342 (2)
Single-Chamber MFCs
12.2.3.2 Direct and Indirect MFCs 344 (1)
12.2.3.3 Heterotrophic, Photosynthetic 344 (1)
Autotroph, and Sediment MFCs
12.2.3.4 Intermittent and Continuous 344 (1)
MFCs
12.2.3.5 Pure Bacteria and Mixed 345 (1)
Bacteria MFCs
12.3 The Development History of MFCs 345 (1)
12.4 The Application Prospect of MFC 346 (2)
12.4.1 Micro Batteries Embedded in the 346 (1)
Body
12.4.2 Mobile Power Supply 346 (1)
12.4.3 Photosynthesis to Produce 346 (1)
Electricity
12.4.4 Biosensor 347 (1)
12.4.5 Power Supply in Remote Areas or 347 (1)
Open Sea
12.4.6 Treatment of Organic Wastewater 347 (1)
12.5 Problems Existing in the MFCs 348 (1)
12.6 Graphene-Based MFC 348 (3)
12.6.1 Anode 348 (2)
12.6.2 Membrane 350 (1)
12.6.3 Cathode 350 (1)
References 351 (4)
13 Application of Graphene-Based Materials to 355 (16)
Improve Electrode Performance in Microbial Fuel
Cells
Li Xiao
Zhen He
13.1 Introduction 355 (2)
13.2 Graphene Materials for Anode 357 (4)
Electrodes in MFCs
13.2.1 Graphene Nanosheets 357 (2)
13.2.2 Three-Dimensional Graphene 359 (2)
13.2.3 Graphene Oxide 361 (1)
13.3 Graphene Materials for Cathode 361 (5)
Electrodes in MFCs
13.3.1 Bare Graphene 362 (1)
13.3.2 Polymer Coating with Graphene as a 363 (1)
Dopant
13.3.3 Metal Coating with Graphene as a 363 (1)
Supporter
13.3.4 Nitrogen-Doped Graphene 364 (2)
13.4 Outlook 366 (1)
References 367 (4)
14 Applications of Graphene and Its Derivative 371 (8)
in Enzymatic Biofuel Cells
A. Rashid bin Mohd Yusoff
14.1 Introduction 371 (1)
14.2 Membraneless Enzymatic Biofuel Cells 372 (3)
14.3 Modified Bioanode and Biocathode 375 (1)
14.3.1 Electrochemically Reduced Graphene 375 (1)
Oxide and Multiwalled Carbon
Nanotubes/Zinc Oxide
14.3.2 Graphene/Single-Walled Carbon 376 (1)
Nanotubes
14.4 Conclusion 376 (1)
Acknowledgment 377 (1)
References 377 (2)
15 Graphene and Its Derivatives for Highly 379 (28)
Efficient Organic Photovoltaics
Seung J. Lee
A. Rashid bin Mohd Yusoff
15.1 Introduction 379 (1)
15.2 Various Applications in Solar Cells 380 (22)
15.2.1 Conductive Electrodes 380 (5)
15.2.1.1 Transparent Conductive Anodes 380 (4)
15.2.1.2 Transparent Conductive Cathodes 384 (1)
15.2.2 Active Layer 385 (5)
15.2.2.1 Light-Harvesting Materials 385 (3)
15.2.2.2 Schottky Junctions 388 (2)
15.2.3 Charge Transport Layer 390 (5)
15.2.3.1 Hole Transport Layer 390 (5)
15.2.4 Electron Transport Layer 395 (15)
15.2.4.1 Interfacial Layer in Tandem 398 (4)
Solar Cells
15.3 Conclusion 402 (1)
Acknowledgment 402 (1)
References 402 (5)
16 Graphene as Sensitizer 407 (24)
Mohd A. Mat-Teridi
Mohd A. Ibrahim
Norasikin Ahmad-Ludin
Siti Nur Farhana Mohd Nasir
Mohamad Yusof Sulaiman
Kamaruzzaman Sopian
16.1 Graphene as Sensitizer 407 (3)
16.2 Graphene as Storage Current Collector 410 (5)
16.2.1 Anode Current Collector 411 (2)
16.2.1.1 Li-Ion Storage 412 (1)
16.2.1.2 Fuel Cells 412 (1)
16.2.2 Cathode Current Collector 413 (2)
16.2.2.1 Li-Ion Storage 414 (1)
16.2.2.2 Fuel Cells 414 (1)
16.3 Graphene as Photoanode Additive 415 (5)
16.3.1 DSSC Application 415 (1)
16.3.2 OPV Application 416 (1)
16.3.3 Lithium-Ion Battery 417 (1)
16.3.4 Sensor Application 418 (1)
16.3.5 Transparent Conductive Films 419 (1)
16.3.6 Photocatalytic Application 420 (1)
16.4 Graphene as Cathode Electrocatalyst 420 (3)
16.4.1 N-Doped Graphene 421 (1)
16.4.2 B-, P-, S-, and Se-Doped Graphene 422 (1)
16.5 Conclusions 423 (1)
Acknowledgment 424 (1)
References 424 (7)
Index 431
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