Methods of controlling mass concrete temperatures range from relatively simple to complex and from inexpensive too costly. Depending on a particular situation, it may be advantageous to use one or more methods over others. Based on the author's 50 years of personal experience in designing mass concrete structures, Thermal Stresses and Temperature Control of Mass Concrete provides a clear and rigorous guide to selecting the right techniques to meet project-specific and financial needs. New techniques such as long time superficial thermal insulation, comprehensive temperature control, and MgO self-expansive concrete are introduced. Features: methods for calculating the temperature field and thermal stresses in dams, docks, tunnels, and concrete blocks and beams on elastic foundations; thermal stress computations that take into account the influences of all factors and simulate the process of construction; analytical methods for determining thermal and mechanical properties of concrete; formulas for determining water temperature in reservoirs and temperature loading of arched dams; and new numerical monitoring methods for mass and semi-mature aged concrete.
Preface xix
About the Author xxiii
1 Introduction 1 (10)
1.1 The Significance of Thermal Stress in 1 (2)
Mass Concrete
1.2 The Features of Thermal Stresses in 3 (1)
Concrete Structures
1.3 The Variation of Temperature and 4 (2)
Thermal Stress of Mass Concrete with Time
1.3.1 The Variation of Temperature of 4 (1)
Mass Concrete with Time
1.3.2 The Variation of the Thermal 5 (1)
Stress in Mass Concrete
1.4 Kinds of Thermal Stress 6 (1)
1.5 Analysis of Thermal Stress of a 6 (1)
Massive Concrete Structure
1.6 Thermal Stress---The Cause of Crack 7 (1)
1.7 Technical Measures for Control of 8 (2)
Thermal Stress and Prevention of Cracking
1.8 The Experience of the Temperature 10 (1)
Control and Crack Prevention of Mass
Concrete in the Last 30 Years
2 Conduction of Heat in Mass Concrete, 11 (38)
Boundary Conditions, and Methods of Solution
2.1 Differential Equation of Heat 11 (5)
Conduction, Initial and Boundary
Conditions
2.1.1 Differential Equation of Heat 11 (1)
Conduction
2.1.2 Initial Condition 12 (1)
2.1.3 Boundary Conditions 13 (1)
2.1.4 The Approximate Treatment of the 14 (2)
Third Kind of Boundary Condition
2.2 Surface Conductance and Computation 16 (3)
of Superficial Thermal Insulation
2.2.1 Surface Conductance β 16 (1)
2.2.2 Computation of the Effect of 17 (2)
Superficial Thermal Insulation
2.3 Air Temperature 19 (1)
2.3.1 Annual Variation of Air 19 (1)
Temperature
2.3.2 Cold Wave 19 (1)
2.4 Temperature Increments due to Sunshine 20 (5)
2.4.1 Sun Radiation on Horizontal 20 (2)
Surface
2.4.2 Temperature Increment of the Dam 22 (1)
Surface due to Sunshine
2.4.3 Influence of Sunshine on the 22 (3)
Temperature of Horizontal Lift Surface
2.5 Estimation of Water Temperature in 25 (3)
Reservoir
2.6 Numerical Computation of Water 28 (1)
Temperature in Reservoir
2.7 Thermal Properties of Concrete 29 (2)
2.8 Heat of Hydration of Cement and the 31 (4)
Adiabatic Temperature Rise of Concrete
2.8.1 Heat of Hydration of Cement 31 (1)
2.8.2 Adiabatic Temperature Rise of 32 (3)
Concrete
2.9 Temperature on the Surface of Dam 35 (1)
2.10 The Autogenous Deformation of 36 (1)
Concrete
2.11 Semi-Mature Age of Concrete 36 (6)
2.11.1 Method for Determining the 37 (1)
Semi-Mature Age of Concrete
2.11.2 Formulas for Computing the 38 (2)
Semi-Mature Age of Concrete
2.11.3 Meaning of Semi-Mature Age in 40 (1)
Engineering
2.11.4 Example of the Influence of 40 (1)
Semi-Mature Age
2.11.5 Measures for Adjusting the 41 (1)
Semi-Mature Ages of Concrete
2.11.6 Conclusions 42 (1)
2.12 Deformation of Concrete Caused by 42 (1)
Change of Humidity
2.13 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion of 43 (1)
Concrete
2.14 Solution of Temperature Field by 44 (5)
Finite Difference Method
3 Temperature Field in the Operation Period 49 (8)
of a Massive Concrete Structure
3.1 Depth of Influence of the Variation 49 (4)
of Exterior Temperature in the Operation
Period
3.1.1 Depth of Influence of Variation 49 (1)
of Water Temperature
3.1.2 Depth of Influence of Variation 50 (3)
of Air Temperature
3.2 Variation of Concrete Temperature 53 (1)
from the Beginning of Construction to the
Period of Operation
3.3 Steady Temperature Field of Concrete 54 (3)
Dams
4 Placing Temperature and Temperature Rise 57 (26)
of Concrete Lift due to Hydration Heat of
Cement
4.1 Mixing Temperature of Concrete---T0 57 (1)
4.2 The Forming Temperature of Concrete T1 58 (2)
4.3 Placing Temperature of Concrete TP 60 (2)
4.4 Theoretical Solution of Temperature 62 (5)
Rise of Concrete Lift due to Hydration
Heat of Cement
4.4.1 Temperature Rise due to Hydration 62 (2)
Heat in Concrete Lift with First Kind
of Boundary Condition
4.4.2 Temperature Rise due to Hydration 64 (2)
Heat in Concrete Lift with Third Kind
of Boundary Condition
4.4.3 Temperature Rise due to Hydration 66 (1)
Heat with Adiabatic Temperature Rise
Expressed by Compound Exponentials
4.5 Theoretical Solution of Temperature 67 (2)
Field of Concrete Lift due to
Simultaneous Action of Natural Cooling
and Pipe Cooling
4.6 Temperature Field in Concrete Lift 69 (3)
Computed by Finite Difference Method
4.6.1 Temperature Field in Concrete 69 (1)
Lift due to Hydration Heat Computed by
Finite Difference Method
4.6.2 Temperature Field due to 70 (2)
Hydration Heat in Concrete Lift with
Cooling Pipe Computed by Finite
Difference Method
4.7 Practical Method for Computing 72 (11)
Temperature Field in Construction Period
of Concrete Dams
4.7.1 Practical Method for Computing 74 (1)
Temperature Field in Concrete Lift
without Pipe Cooling
4.7.2 Influence of the Placing 75 (2)
Temperature Tp of the New Concrete
4.7.3 Practical Method for Computing 77 (1)
Temperature in Concrete Lift without
Pipe Cooling
4.7.4 Practical Method for Computing 77 (3)
Temperature Field in Concrete Lift with
Pipe Cooling
4.7.5 Practical Treatment of Boundary 80 (3)
Condition on the Top Surface
5 Natural Cooling of Mass Concrete 83 (22)
5.1 Cooling of Semi-Infinite Solid, Third 83 (2)
Kind of Boundary Condition
5.2 Cooling of a Slab with First Kind of 85 (4)
Boundary Condition
5.3 Cooling of a Slab with Third Kind of 89 (2)
Boundary Condition
5.4 Temperature in a Concrete Slab with 91 (7)
Harmonic Surface Temperature
5.4.1 Concrete Slab with Zero Initial 91 (3)
Temperature and Harmonic Surface
Temperature
5.4.2 Concrete Slab, Initial 94 (4)
Temperature T0, Harmonic Surface
Temperature
5.5 Temperature in a Slab with Arbitrary 98 (3)
External Temperature
5.6 Cooling of Mass Concrete in Two and 101 (4)
Three Directions, Theorem of Product
6 Stress---Strain Relation and Analysis of 105 (16)
Viscoelastic Stress of Mass Concrete
6.1 Stress---Strain Relation of Concrete 105 (6)
6.1.1 Strain of Concrete due to 105 (2)
Constant Stress
6.1.2 Strain of Concrete due to 107 (1)
Variable Stress
6.1.3 Modulus of Elasticity and Creep 107 (3)
of Concrete
6.1.4 Lateral Strain and Poisson's 110 (1)
Ratio of Concrete
6.2 Stress Relaxation of Concrete 111 (4)
6.2.1 Stress Relaxation of Concrete 111 (1)
Subjected to Constant Strain
6.2.2 Method for Computing the 112 (2)
Relaxation Coefficient from Creep of
Concrete
6.2.3 Formulas for Relaxation 114 (1)
Coefficient
6.3 Modulus of Elasticity, Unit Creep, 115 (1)
and Relaxation Coefficient of Concrete
for Preliminary Analysis
6.4 Two Theorems About the Influence of 115 (2)
Creep on the Stresses and Deformations of
Concrete Structures
6.5 Classification of Massive Concrete 117 (1)
Structures and Method of Analysis
6.6 Method of Equivalent Modulus for 117 (4)
Analyzing Stresses in Matured Concrete
due to Harmonic Variation of Temperature
7 Thermal Stresses in Fixed Slab or Free 121 (22)
Slab
7.1 Thermal Stresses in Fixed Slab 121 (5)
7.1.1 Computation of the Temperature 121 (1)
Field
7.1.2 The Elastic Thermal Stress 121 (2)
7.1.3 The Viscoelastic Thermal Stresses 123 (1)
7.1.4 The Thermal Stresses in Fixed 123 (3)
Slab Due to Hydration Heat of Cement
7.2 Method for Computing Thermal Stresses 126 (3)
in a Free Slab
7.2.1 Elastic Thermal Stress in a Free 126 (2)
Slab When the Modulus of Elasticity is
Constant
7.2.2 Viscoelastic Thermal Stress in a 128 (1)
Free Slab Considering the Influence of
Age
7.3 Thermal Stresses in Free Concrete 129 (1)
Slab due to Hydration Heat of Cement
7.4 Thermal Stresses in Free Slabs with 129 (5)
Periodically Varying Surface Temperature
7.4.1 The Temperature Field 129 (5)
7.4.2 The Viscoelastic Thermal Stresses 134 (1)
7.5 Thermal Stress in Free Slab with 134 (4)
Third Kind of Boundary Condition and
Periodically Varying Air Temperature
7.6 Thermal Stresses Due to Removing Forms 138 (5)
7.6.1 Stresses Due to Removing Forms of 138 (1)
Infinite Slab
7.6.2 Stresses Due to Removing Forms of 139 (2)
Semi-infinite Solid
7.6.3 Computing Thermal Stress Due to 141 (2)
Removing Forms by Finite Element Method
8 Thermal Stresses in Concrete Beams on 143 (28)
Elastic Foundation
8.1 Self-Thermal Stress in a Beam 143 (2)
8.2 Restraint Thermal Stress of Beam on 145 (11)
Foundation of Semi-infinite Plane
8.2.1 Nonhomogeneous Beam on Elastic 145 (7)
Foundation
8.2.2 Homogeneous Beam on Elastic 152 (4)
Foundation
8.3 Restraint Stresses of Beam on Old 156 (3)
Concrete Block
8.4 Approximate Analysis of Thermal 159 (1)
Stresses in Thin Beam on Half-Plane
Foundation
8.5 Thermal Stress on the Lateral Surface 159 (2)
of Beam on Elastic Foundation
8.6 Thermal Stresses in Beam on Winkler 161 (8)
Foundation
8.6.1 Restraint Stress of Beam in Pure 161 (1)
Tension
8.6.2 Restraint Stress of Beam in Pure 162 (1)
Bending
8.6.3 Restraint Stresses of Beam in 163 (2)
Bending and Tension
8.6.4 Coefficients of Resistance of 165 (2)
Foundation
8.6.5 Approximate Method for Beam on 167 (1)
Winkler Foundation
8.6.6 Analysis of Effect of Restraint 167 (2)
of Soil Foundation
8.7 Thermal Stresses in Beams on Elastic 169 (2)
Foundation When Modulus of Elasticity of
Concrete Varying with Time
9 Finite Element Method for Computing 171 (14)
Temperature Field
9.1 Variational Principle for the Problem 171 (3)
of Heat Conduction
9.1.1 Euler's Equation 171 (1)
9.1.2 Variational Principle of Problem 172 (2)
of Heat Conduction
9.2 Discretization of Continuous Body 174 (1)
9.3 Fundamental Equations for Solving 174 (4)
Unsteady Temperature Field by FEM
9.4 Two-Dimensional Unsteady Temperature 178 (2)
Field, Triangular Elements
9.5 Isoparametric Elements 180 (3)
9.5.1 Two-Dimensional Isoparametric 180 (2)
Elements
9.5.2 Three-Dimensional Isoparametric 182 (1)
Elements
9.6 Computing Examples of Unsteady 183 (2)
Temperature Field
10 Finite Element Method for Computing the 185 (20)
Viscoelastic Thermal Stresses of Massive
Concrete Structures
10.1 FEM for Computing Elastic Thermal 185 (7)
Stresses
10.1.1 Displacements of an Element 185 (2)
10.1.2 Strains of an Element 187 (1)
10.1.3 Stresses of an Element 188 (1)
10.1.4 Nodal Forces and Stiffness 189 (1)
Matrix of an Element
10.1.5 Nodal Loads 190 (1)
10.1.6 Equilibrium Equation of Nodes 191 (1)
and the Global Stiffness Matrix
10.1.7 Collection of FEM Formulas 191 (1)
10.2 Implicit Method for Solving 192 (7)
Viscoelastic Stress---Strain Equation of
Mass Concrete
10.2.1 Computing Increment of Strain 192 (4)
10.2.2 Relationship Between Stress 196 (1)
Increment and Strain Increment for
One-Directional Stress
10.2.3 Relationship Between Stress 197 (2)
Increment and Strain Increment for
Complex Stress State
10.3 Viscoelastic Thermal Stress Analysis 199 (3)
of Concrete Structure
10.4 Compound Element 202 (1)
10.5 Method of Different Time Increments 203 (2)
in Different Regions
11 Stresses due to Change of Air 205 (30)
Temperature and Superficial Thermal
Insulation
11.1 Superficial Thermal Stress due to 205 (3)
Linear Variation of Air Temperature
During Cold Wave
11.2 Superficial Thermal Insulation, 208 (8)
Harmonic Variation of Air Temperature,
One-Dimensional Heat Flow
11.2.1 Superficial Thermal Insulation, 208 (3)
Daily Variation of Air Temperature,
One-Dimensional Heat Flow
11.2.2 Superficial Thermal Insulation 211 (3)
for Cold Wave, One-Dimensional Heat Flow
11.2.3 Superficial Thermal Insulation, 214 (2)
Temperature Drop in Winter,
One-Dimensional Heat Row
11.3 Superficial Thermal Insulation, 216 (4)
Harmonic Variation of Air Temperature,
Two-Dimensional Heat Flow
11.3.1 Two-Dimensional Heat Flow, 216 (1)
Thermal Insulation for Daily Variation
of Air Temperature
11.3.2 Two-Dimensional Heat Flow, 217 (3)
Thermal Insulation for Cold Wave
11.3.3 Two-Dimensional Heat Flow, the 220 (1)
Superficial Thermal Insulation During
Winter
11.4 Thermal Stresses in Concrete Block 220 (6)
During Winter and Supercritical Thermal
Insulation
11.4.1 Superficial Thermal Stresses 220 (3)
During Winter
11.4.2 Computation of Superficial 223 (2)
Thermal Insulation
11.4.3 Determining the Thickness of 225 (1)
Superficial Thermal Insulation Plate
11.5 Comprehensive Analysis of Effect of 226 (1)
Superficial Thermal Insulation for
Variation of Air Temperature
11.6 The Necessity of Long Time Thermal 227 (3)
Insulation for Important Concrete Surface
11.7 Materials for Superficial Thermal 230 (5)
Insulation
11.7.1 Foamed Polystyrene Plate 230 (1)
11.7.2 Foamed Polythene Wadded Quilt 230 (1)
11.7.3 Polyurethane Foamed Coating 231 (1)
11.7.4 Compound Permanent Insulation 231 (1)
Plate
11.7.5 Permanent Thermal Insulation and 231 (1)
Anti-Seepage Plate
11.7.6 Straw Bag 232 (1)
11.7.7 Sand Layer 232 (1)
11.7.8 Requirements of Thermal 233 (2)
Insulation for Different Concrete
Surfaces
12 Thermal Stresses in Massive Concrete 235 (32)
Blocks
12.1 Thermal Stresses of Concrete Block 235 (4)
on Elastic Foundation due to Uniform
Cooling
12.1.1 Thermal Stresses of Block on 235 (3)
Horizontal Foundation
12.1.2 Danger of Cracking of Thin Block 238 (1)
with Long Time of Cooling
12.1.3 Concrete Block on Inclined 238 (1)
Foundation
12.2 Influence Lines of Thermal Stress in 239 (4)
Concrete Block
12.3 Influence of Height of Cooling 243 (3)
Region on Thermal Stresses
12.3.1 Influence of Height of Cooling 243 (2)
Region on Elastic Thermal Stresses
12.3.2 Influence of Height of Cooling 245 (1)
Region on the Viscoelastic Thermal
Stresses
12.4 Influence of Height of Cooling 246 (1)
Region on Opening of Contraction Joints
12.5 Two Kinds of Temperature Difference 247 (2)
Between Upper and Lower Parts of Block
12.6 Two Principles for Temperature 249 (10)
Control and the Allowable Temperature
Differences of Mass Concrete on Rock
Foundation
12.6.1 Stresses due to Stepwise 249 (3)
Temperature Difference
12.6.2 Positive Stepwise Temperature 252 (3)
Difference and the First Principle
About the Control of Temperature
Difference of Concrete on Rock
Foundation
12.6.3 Negative Stepwise Temperature 255 (1)
Difference and the Second Principle
About the Control of Temperature
Difference of Concrete on Rock
Foundation
12.6.4 Stresses due to Multi-Stepwise 255 (1)
Temperature Difference
12.6.5 Viscoelastic Thermal Stresses 256 (3)
Simulating Process of Construction of
Multilayer Concrete Block on Rock
Foundation
12.7 Approximate Formula for Thermal 259 (1)
Stress in Concrete Block on Rock
Foundation in Construction Period
12.8 Influence of Length of Concrete 260 (3)
Block on the Thermal Stress
12.8.1 Influence of Length of Concrete 260 (2)
Block on the Thermal Stress due to
Temperature Difference Between the
Upper and Lower Parts
12.8.2 Influence of Joint Spacing on 262 (1)
the Thermal Stress due to Annual
Variation of Temperature
12.9 Danger of Cracking due to 263 (2)
Over-precooling of Concrete
12.10 Thermal Stresses in Concrete Blocks 265 (1)
Standing Side by Side
12.11 Equivalent Temperature Rise due to 265 (2)
Self-Weight of Concrete
13 Thermal Stresses in Concrete Gravity Dams 267 (20)
13.1 Thermal Stresses in Gravity Dams due 267 (3)
to Restraint of Foundation
13.2 Influence of Longitudinal Joints on 270 (1)
Thermal Stress in Gravity Dam
13.3 The Temperatures and Stresses in a 271 (1)
Gravity Dam Without Longitudinal Joint
13.4 Gravity Dam with Longitudinal Crack 271 (1)
13.5 Deep Crack on the Upstream Face of 272 (1)
Gravity Dam
13.6 Opening of Longitudinal Joint of 273 (1)
Gravity Dam in the Period of Operation
13.7 Thermal Stresses of Gravity Dams in 274 (5)
Severe Cold Region
13.7.1 Peculiarity of Thermal Stresses 274 (1)
of Gravity Dam in Severe Cold Region
13.7.2 Horizontal Cracks and Upstream 275 (3)
Face Cracks
13.7.3 Measures for Preventing Cracking 278 (1)
of Gravity Dam in Severe Cold Region
13.8 Thermal Stresses due to Heightening 279 (5)
of Gravity Dam
13.9 Technical Measures to Reduce the 284 (3)
Thermal Stress due to Heightening of
Gravity Dam
14 Thermal Stresses in Concrete Arch Dams 287 (26)
14.1 Introduction 287 (2)
14.1.1 Self-Thermal Stresses of Arch Dam 287 (1)
14.1.2 Three Characteristic Temperature 288 (1)
Fields in Arch Dam
14.1.3 Temperature Loading on Arch Dams 289 (1)
14.2 Temperature Loading on Arch Dam for 289 (3)
Constant Water Level
14.2.1 Formulas for Tm2 and Td2 290 (1)
14.2.2 Physical Meaning of the 291 (1)
Equivalent Linear Temperature
14.3 Temperature Loading on Arch Dam for 292 (5)
Variable Water Level
14.3.1 Computation of Surface 292 (2)
Temperature of Dam for Variable Water
Level
14.3.2 Temperature Loading on Arch Dam 294 (3)
for Variable Water Level
14.4 Temperature Loadings on Arch Dams in 297 (8)
Cold Region with Superficial Thermal
Insulation Layer
14.4.1 Tm1 and Td1 for the Annual Mean 297 (3)
Temperature Field T1(x)
14.4.2 Exact Solution of Tm2 and Td2 300 (4)
for the Yearly Varying Temperature
Field T2(x,T)
14.4.3 Approximate Solution of Tm2 and 304 (1)
Td2 for the Yearly Varying Temperature
Field T2(x,T)
14.5 Measures for Reducing Temperature 305 (1)
Loadings of Arch Dam
14.5.1 Optimizing Grouting Temperature 306 (1)
14.5.2 Superficial Thermal Insulation 306 (1)
14.6 Temperature Control of RCC Arch Dams 306 (2)
14.6.1 RCC Arch Dams without Transverse 306 (1)
Joint
14.6.2 RCC Arch Dam with Transverse 307 (1)
Joints
14.7 Observed Thermal Stresses and 308 (5)
Deformations of Arch Dams
15 Thermal Stresses in Docks, Locks, and 313 (20)
Sluices
15.1 Self-Thermal Stresses in Walls of 313 (1)
Docks and Piers of Sluices
15.2 Restraint Stress in the Wall of Dock 314 (7)
15.2.1 General Theory for the Restraint 314 (3)
Stress in the Wall of Dock
15.2.2 Computation for Wide Bottom Plate 317 (3)
15.2.3 Computation for Bottom Plate 320 (1)
with Moderate Width
15.3 Restraint Stress in the Piers of 321 (2)
Sluices
15.4 Restraint Stress in the Wall of Dock 323 (2)
or the Pier of Sluice on Narrow Bottom
Plate
15.5 Simplified Computing Method 325 (4)
15.5.1 T Beam 325 (2)
15.5.2 Simplified Computation of 327 (1)
Thermal Stresses in Dock
15.5.3 Simplified Method for Thermal 328 (1)
Stresses in Sluices
15.5.4 Simplified Method for E(y, 329 (1)
τ) Varying with Age τ
15.6 Thermal Stresses in a Sluice by FEM 329 (4)
15.6.1 Thermal Stress due to Hydration 329 (4)
Heat of Cement in Construction Period
16 Simulation Analysis, Dynamic Temperature 333 (8)
Control, Numerical Monitoring, and Model
Test of Thermal Stresses in Massive
Concrete Structures
16.1 Full Course Simulation Analysis of 333 (1)
Concrete Dams
16.2 Dynamic Temperature Control and 334 (1)
Decision Support System of Concrete Dam
16.3 Numerical Monitoring of Concrete Dams 335 (2)
16.3.1 The Drawbacks of Instrumental 336 (1)
Monitoring
16.3.2 Numerical Monitoring 336 (1)
16.3.3 The Important Functions of 336 (1)
Numerical Monitoring
16.4 Model Test of Temperature and Stress 337 (4)
Fields of Massive Concrete Structures
17 Pipe Cooling of Mass Concrete 341 (60)
17.1 Introduction 341 (1)
17.2 Plane Temperature Field of Pipe 342 (6)
Cooling in Late Stage
17.2.1 Plane Temperature Field of 342 (4)
Concrete Cooled by Nonmetal Pipe in
Late Stage
17.2.2 Plane Temperature Field of 346 (2)
Concrete Cooled by Metal Pipe in Late
Stage
17.3 Spatial Temperature Field of Pipe 348 (10)
Cooling in Late Stage
17.3.1 Method of Solution of the 348 (4)
Spatial Problem of Pipe Cooling
17.3.2 Spatial Cooling of Concrete by 352 (4)
Metal Pipe in Late Stage
17.3.3 Spatial Cooling of Concrete by 356 (2)
Nonmetal Pipe in Late Stage
17.4 Temperature Field of Pipe Cooling in 358 (4)
Early Stage
17.4.1 Plane Problem of Pipe Cooling of 358 (2)
Early Stage
17.4.2 Spatial Problem of Pipe Cooling 360 (2)
of Late Stage
17.5 Practical Formulas for Pipe Cooling 362 (5)
of Mass Concrete
17.5.1 Mean Temperature of Concrete 362 (2)
Cylinder with Length L
17.5.2 Mean Temperature of the Cross 364 (1)
Section of Concrete Cylinder
17.5.3 Time of Cooling 365 (1)
17.5.4 Formula for Water Temperature 366 (1)
17.6 Equivalent Equation of Heat 367 (4)
Conduction Considering Effect of Pipe
Cooling
17.6.1 Temperature Variation of 367 (3)
Concrete with Insulated Surface and
Cooling Pipe
17.6.2 Equivalent Equation of Heat 370 (1)
Conduction Considering the Effect of
Pipe Cooling
17.7 Theoretical Solution of the 371 (5)
Elastocreeping Stresses Due to Pipe
Cooling and Self-Restraint
17.7.1 The Elastic Thermal Stress Due 371 (2)
to Self-Restraint
17.7.2 The Elastocreeping Thermal 373 (1)
Stress Due to Self-Restraint
17.7.3 A Practical Formula for the 374 (1)
Elastocreeping Thermal Stress Due to
Self-Restraint
17.7.4 Reducing Thermal Stress by 374 (1)
Multistage Cooling with Small
Temperature Differences---Theoretical
Solution
17.7.5 The Elastocreeping Self-Stress 375 (1)
Due to Pipe Cooling and Hydration Heat
of Cement
17.8 Numerical Analysis of Elastocreeping 376 (4)
Self-Thermal Stress of Pipe Cooling
17.8.1 Computing Model 376 (1)
17.8.2 Elastocreeping Stresses in 60 377 (1)
Days Early Pipe Cooling
17.8.3 Elastocreeping Stresses in 20 377 (1)
Days Early Pipe Cooling
17.8.4 Elastocreeping Stresses in Late 377 (2)
Pipe Cooling
17.8.5 New Method of 379 (1)
Cooling---Multistep Early and Slow
Cooling with Small Temperature
Differences---Numerical Analysis
17.9 The FEM for Computing Temperatures 380 (4)
and Stresses in Pipe Cooled Concrete
17.9.1 Pipe Cooling Temperature Field 380 (2)
Solved Directly by FEM
17.9.2 Equivalent FEM for Computing the 382 (2)
Temperatures and Stresses in Mass
Concrete Block with Cooling Pipe
17.9.3 Comparison Between the Direct 384 (1)
Method and the Equivalent Method for
Pipe Cooling
17.10 Three Principles for Pipe Cooling 384 (2)
17.11 Research on the Pattern of Early 386 (1)
Pipe Cooling
17.12 Research on the Pattern of the 387 (2)
Medium and the Late Cooling
17.12.1 The Influence of Temperature 387 (2)
Gradient on the Thermal Stress
17.12.2 The Influence of Pipe Spacing 389 (1)
on the Thermal Stress
17.12.3 The Influence of the Number of 389 (1)
Stages of Pipe Cooling
17.13 Strengthen Cooling by Close 389 (6)
Polythene Pipe
17.13.1 Effect of Cooling by Close Pipe 389 (2)
17.13.2 Influence of Cooling of Pipe 391 (3)
with Small Spacing on the Thermal Stress
17.13.3 The Principle for Control of 394 (1)
Pipe Spacing and Temperature Difference
T0 --- Tw
17.14 Advantages and Disadvantages of 395 (3)
Pipe Cooling
17.15 Superficial Thermal Insulation of 398 (3)
Mass Concrete During Pipe Cooling in Hot
Seasons
18 Precooling and Surface Cooling of Mass 401 (8)
Concrete
18.1 Introduction 401 (1)
18.2 Getting Aggregates from Underground 402 (1)
Gallery
18.3 Mixing with Cooled Water and Ice 403 (1)
18.4 Precooling of Aggregate 404 (2)
18.4.1 Precooling of Aggregate by Water 404 (1)
Cooling
18.4.2 Precooling of Aggregate by Air 405 (1)
Cooling
18.4.3 Precooling of Aggregate by Mixed 405 (1)
Type of Water Spraying and Air Cooling
18.4.4 Precooling of Aggregate by 406 (1)
Secondary Air Cooling
18.5 Cooling by Spraying Fog or Flowing 406 (3)
Water over Top of the Concrete Block
18.5.1 Spraying Fog over Top of the 406 (2)
Concrete Block
18.5.2 Cooling by Flowing Water over 408 (1)
Top of the Concrete Block
19 Construction of Dam by MgO Concrete 409 (16)
19.1 MgO Concrete 409 (1)
19.2 Six Peculiarities of MgO Concrete 410 (5)
Dams
19.2.1 Difference Between Indoor and 410 (2)
Outdoor Expansive Deformation
19.2.2 Time Difference 412 (1)
19.2.3 Regional Difference 413 (1)
19.2.4 Dam Type Difference 414 (1)
19.2.5 Two Kinds of Temperature 414 (1)
Difference
19.2.6 Dilatation Source Difference 414 (1)
19.3 The Calculation Model of the 415 (1)
Expansive Deformation of MgO Concrete
19.3.1 The Calculation Model of the 415 (1)
Expansive Deformation for Test Indoors
19.3.2 The Calculation of the Expansive 415 (1)
Deformation of MgO Concrete of Dam Body
Outdoors
19.3.3 The Incremental Calculation of 416 (1)
the Autogenous Volume Deformation
19.4 The Application of MgO Concrete in 416 (3)
Gravity Dams
19.4.1 Conventional Concrete Gravity 416 (3)
Dams
19.5 The Application of MgO Concrete in 419 (6)
Arch Dams
19.5.1 Arch Dams with Contraction Joints 419 (1)
19.5.2 Arch Dams without Contraction 420 (3)
Joints, Time Difference
19.5.3 Example of Application of MgO 423 (2)
Concrete, Sanjianghe MgO Concrete Arch
Dam
20 Construction of Mass Concrete in Winter 425 (6)
20.1 Problems and Design Principles of 425 (1)
Construction of Mass Concrete in Winter
20.1.1 Problems of Construction of Mass 425 (1)
Concrete in Winter
20.1.2 Design Principles of 426 (1)
Construction of Mass Concrete in Winter
20.2 Technical Measures of Construction 426 (2)
of Mass Concrete in Winter
20.3 Calculation of Thermal Insulation of 428 (3)
Mass Concrete Construction in Winter
21 Temperature Control of Concrete Dam in 431 (8)
Cold Region
21.1 Climate Features of the Cold Region 431 (1)
21.2 Difficulties of Temperature Control 432 (1)
of Concrete Dam in Cold Region
21.3 Temperature Control of Concrete Dam 433 (6)
in Cold Region
22 Allowable Temperature Difference, 439 (30)
Cooling Capacity, Inspection and Treatment
of Cracks, and Administration of
Temperature Control
22.1 Computational Formula for Concrete 439 (2)
Crack Resistance
22.2 Laboratory Test of Crack Resistance 441 (1)
of Concrete
22.3 The Difference of Tensile Properties 441 (2)
Between Prototype Concrete and Laboratory
Testing Sample
22.3.1 Coefficient b1 for Size and 441 (1)
Screening Effect
22.3.2 Time Effect Coefficient b2 442 (1)
22.4 Reasonable Value for the Safety 443 (4)
Factor of Crack Resistance
22.4.1 Theoretical Safety Factor of 443 (1)
Crack Resistance
22.4.2 Practical Safety Factor of 443 (2)
Concrete Crack Resistance
22.4.3 Safety Factors for Crack 445 (2)
Resistance in Preliminary Design
22.5 Calculation of Allowable Temperature 447 (3)
Difference and Ability of Superficial
Thermal Insulation of Mass Concrete
22.5.1 General Formula for Allowable 447 (1)
Temperature Difference and Superficial
Thermal Insulation
22.5.2 Approximate Calculation of 447 (3)
Allowable Temperature Difference and
Insulation Ability
22.6 The Allowable Temperature Difference 450 (3)
Adopted by Practical Concrete Dam Design
Specifications
22.6.1 Regulations of Allowable 450 (1)
Temperature Difference in Chinese
Concrete Dam Design Specifications
22.6.2 The Requirement of Temperature 451 (1)
Control in "Design Guideline of Roller
Compacted Concrete Dam" of China
22.6.3 Temperature Control Regulation 452 (1)
of Concrete Dam by U.S. Bureau of
Reclamation and U.S. Army Corps of
Engineering
22.6.4 Temperature Control Requirements 453 (1)
of Concrete Dam of Russia
22.7 Practical Examples for Temperature 453 (7)
Control of Concrete Dams
22.7.1 Laxiwa Arch Dam 453 (2)
22.7.2 Toktogulskaya Gravity Dam 455 (4)
22.7.3 Dworshak Gravity Dam 459 (1)
22.8 Cooling Capacity 460 (3)
22.8.1 Calculation for the Total 460 (3)
Cooling Capacity
22.8.2 Cooling Load for Different Cases 463 (1)
22.9 Inspection and Classification of 463 (1)
Concrete Cracks
22.9.1 Inspection of Concrete Cracks 463 (1)
22.9.2 Classification of Cracks in Mass 464 (1)
Concrete
22.10 Treatment of Concrete Cracks 464 (5)
22.10.1 Harm of Cracks 464 (1)
22.10.2 Environmental Condition of 465 (1)
Cracks
22.10.3 Principle of Crack Treatment 465 (1)
22.10.4 Method of Crack Treatment 466 (3)
23 Key Principles for Temperature Control 469 (10)
of Mass Concrete
23.1 Selection of the Form of Structure 469 (1)
23.2 Optimization of Concrete Material 470 (1)
23.3 Calculation of Crack Resistance of 470 (1)
Concrete
23.4 Control of Temperature Difference of 471 (1)
Mass Concrete
23.4.1 Temperature Difference Above Dam 471 (1)
Foundation and Temperature Difference
Between Upper and Lower Parts of Dam
Block
23.4.2 Surface---Interior Temperature 472 (1)
Difference
23.4.3 Maximum Temperature of Concrete 472 (1)
23.5 Analysis of Thermal Stress of Mass 472 (2)
Concrete
23.5.1 Estimation of Thermal Stress 472 (1)
23.5.2 Primary Calculation of the 473 (1)
Temperature Stress
23.5.3 Detailed Calculation of Thermal 473 (1)
Stress
23.5.4 Whole Process Simulation 474 (1)
Calculation
23.6 Dividing the Dam into Blocks 474 (1)
23.7 Temperature Control of Gravity Dam 475 (1)
23.8 Temperature Control of Arch Dam 476 (1)
23.9 Control of Placing Temperature of 476 (1)
Mass Concrete
23.10 Pipe Cooling of Mass Concrete 477 (1)
23.11 Surface Thermal Insulation 477 (1)
23.12 Winter Construction 478 (1)
23.13 Conclusion 478 (1)
Appendix: Unit Conversion 479 (2)
References 481 (6)
Index 487
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