张永宏 孙利珍

内容提要：南非的反对党主要由种族隔离时期的政治组织转化而来，有着种族身份的深刻烙印。新南非诞生后，黑人在政治上获得解放，但经济上依然是白人集团占据主导地位，形成经济基础与上层建筑不匹配的格局。在这样的背景下，一方面，种族政治与南非的政治理想格格不入，黑白种族界限不断被打破、被淡化；另一方面，基于种族划分的利益格局并没有得到根本性变革，种族利益与经济利益依然处于同构状态。在选举政治的排他性竞争中反对党要巩固既有的选民基础，不得不在种族政治与利益政治两个方向上进行双建构。随着社会阶层的重组、分化和非国大主导党体制的持续弱化，政党政治博弈的核心议题不断聚焦经济体制改革和公共政策领域，黑白之分逐渐转向左右之争，种族政治逐渐让位于利益政治。经过30年的发展，南非经济变革与政治转型不相匹配的状况依然未得到根本改变，2024年的大选结果也表明这种结构性矛盾进一步尖锐化。基于反对党的渊源和演进脉络，以及其参与选举政治的实践困境，南非要摆脱种族政治的历史束缚，建构起健康、有序的政党政治生态，执政党、反对党都必须直面与经济体制改革、自主发展道路选择相关的深层次问题。

关键词： 非洲政治 选举政治 南非 反对党 种族政治 利益政治

Abstract:South Africa's opposition parties are mainly transformed from political organizations during the apartheid period,and are deeply imprinted with racial identity.After the birth of new South Africa,black people were liberated politically, but economically the white group still dominated,creating a mismatch between the economic base and the superstructure.In this context,on the one hand,racial politics is incompatible with South Africa's political ideals,and the racial boundaries between black and white are constantly being broken and diluted;on the other hand,the interest pattern based on racial division has not been fundamentally changed,and racial interests and economic interests are still in a state of isomorphism.In the exclusive competition of electoral politics,ifthe opposition party wants to consolidate its existing voter base,it has to carry out dual construction in the two directions of racial politics and interest politics.With the reorganizationand differentiation of social classes and the continued weakening of the AN-led party system,the core issues of party political games continue to focus on economic system reform and public policy.The distinction between black and white gradually turns to the struggle between left and right,and racial politics gradually gives way to interest politics.Sorting out the origins and evolution of the opposition parties,and reviewing the practical difficulties of the oppositionparties participating in electoral politics,it can be clearly seen that in order to get rid of the historical constraints of racial politics and build a healthy and orderly partypolitical ecology in South Africa,both the ruling party and the opposition parties must face up to the deep -seated issues related to economic system reform and the choice of independent development path. 

Key words:African politics;electoral politics;South Africa;opposition parties; racial politics;interest politics

本文原载于：《西亚非洲》2024年第4期