Lithium-Ion Batteries : Advances and Applications

[Book Description]

Lithium-Ion Batteries features an in-depth description of different lithium-ion applications, including important features such as safety and reliability. This title acquaints readers with the numerous and often consumer-oriented applications of this widespread battery type. Lithium-Ion Batteries also explores the concepts of nanostructured materials, as well as the importance of battery management systems. This handbook is an invaluable resource for electrochemical engineers and battery and fuel cell experts everywhere, from research institutions and universities to a worldwide array of professional industries. It contains all applications of consumer and industrial lithium-ion batteries, including reviews, in a single volume. It features contributions from the world's leading industry and research experts. It presents executive summaries of specific case studies. It covers information on basic research and application approaches.

[Table of Contents] 

Contributors                                       xv
Preface                                            xix
    1 Development of the Lithium-Ion Battery       1  (20)
    and Recent Technological Trends
          Akira Yoshino
      1 Introduction                               2  (1)
      2 Development of the Practical LIB           3  (4)
      3 Development of Cathode Materials           7  (4)
      4 Development of Anode Materials             11 (2)
      5 Development of Electrolyte Solutions       13 (2)
      6 Separator Technology                       15 (4)
      7 Conclusion                                 19 (2)
    2 Past, Present and Future of Lithium-Ion      21 (20)
    Batteries: Can New Technologies Open up New
    Horizons?
          Yoshio Nishi
      1 Introduction                               22 (1)
      2 How LIB was Born?                          22 (3)
      3 Performance that Users Expect from LIB     25 (1)
      4 Improvement of LIB                         26 (8)
      5 Can New Battery Technologies Open up       34 (4)
      Novel Horizons for LIB?
      6 Conclusion                                 38 (3)
        Nomenclature                               38 (3)
    3 Fast Charging (up to 6C) of Lithium-Ion      41 (16)
    Cells and Modules: Electrical and Thermal
    Response and Life Cycle Tests
          Andrew Burke
      1 Introduction                               41 (1)
      2 General Considerations and Requirements    42 (2)
      3 Fast Charging Characteristics of           44 (3)
      Various Lithium Battery Chemistries
      4 Fast Charging Tests of 50-Ah LTO Cells     47 (10)
      and Modules
    4 Nanostructured Electrode Materials for       57 (26)
    Lithium-Ion Batteries
          Nicholas S. Hudak
      1 Introduction                               57 (1)
      2 Nanoscale Effects in                       58 (3)
      Intercalation-Based Electrode Materials
      3 Nanostructured Lithium Metal Phosphates    61 (2)
      for Positive Electrodes
      4 Titanium-Based Nanomaterials for           63 (1)
      Negative Electrodes
      5 Conversion Electrodes                      64 (4)
      6 Lithium Alloys for Negative Electrodes     68 (3)
      7 Carbon Nanostructures as Active            71 (4)
      Materials in Negative Electrodes
      8 Carbon-Based Nanocomposites                75 (1)
      9 Conclusion                                 76 (7)
    5 EVs and HEVs: The Need and Potential         83 (14)
    Functions of Batteries for Future Systems
          Hideaki Horie
      1 Introduction                               83 (2)
      2 Power Performance Analysis of Batteries    85 (3)
      3 Basic Performance Design of Vehicles       88 (2)
      4 Thermal Analysis and Design                90 (1)
      5 Battery Pack System Establishment          91 (1)
      6 High-Power Performance of Lithium-Ion      92 (5)
      Batteries
    6 Manufacturing Costs of Batteries for         97 (30)
    Electric Vehicles
          Kevin G. Gallagher
          Paul A. Nelson
      1 Introduction                               98 (1)
      2 Performance and Cost Model                 99 (8)
      3 Battery Parameters Affecting Cost          107(12)
      4 Uncertainty in Point Price Estimates       119(2)
      5 Effect of Manufacturing Scale              121(2)
      6 Outlook                                    123(4)
    7 Lithium-Ion Battery Packs for EVs            127(24)
          John Warner
      1 Introduction                               127(2)
      2 Lithium-Ion Battery Design                 129(3)
      Considerations
      3 Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems        132(11)
      4 Testing and Analysis                       143(2)
      5 Applications of Electric Vehicle           145(4)
      Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems
      6 Conclusions                                149(2)
        Nomenclature                               150(1)
    8 The Voltec System---Energy Storage and       151(26)
    Electric Propulsion
          Roland Matthe
          Ulrich Eberle
      1 Introduction                               151(1)
      2 A Brief History of Electric Vehicles       152(6)
      3 Extended-Range Electric Vehicles           158(3)
      4 The Voltec Propulsion System               161(3)
      5 Voltec Drive Unit and Vehicle Operation    164(1)
      Modes
      6 Battery Operation Strategy                 165(4)
      7 Development and Validation Processes       169(2)
      8 Vehicle Field Experience                   171(2)
      9 Summary                                    173(4)
        Nomenclature                               175(2)
    9 Transit Bus Applications of Lithium-Ion      177(28)
    Batteries: Progress and Prospects
          Aviva Brecher
      1 Introduction                               178(2)
      2 Integration of Lithium-Ion Batteries in    180(3)
      Electric Drive Buses
      3 Examples of HEB/EB Transit Buses with      183(9)
      LIB-Based Rechargeable Energy Storage
      Systems (RESS)
      4 Lessons Learned, Progress, and Prospects   192(13)
        Nomenclature                               197(8)
    10 EVs and HEVs Using Lithium-Ion Batteries    205(44)
          Fabio Orecchini
          Adriano Santiangeli
          Alessandro Dell'era
      1 Introduction                               207(3)
      2 HEVs                                       210(14)
      3 BEVs and EREVs                             224(20)
      4 Electric Microcars                         244(2)
      5 New Concepts of Urban Transport Vehicles   246(2)
      6 Conclusions                                248(1)
    11 The Challenge of PHEV Battery Design and    249(24)
    the Opportunities of Electrothermal Modeling
          Peter Van den Bossche
          Noshin Omar
          Monzer Al Sakka
          Ahmadou Samba
          Hamid Gualous
          Joeri Van Mierlo
      1 Introduction                               249(2)
      2 Theory                                     251(2)
      3 Setup Description                          253(1)
      4 Model Parameter Extraction                 254(7)
      5 Results and Discussion                     261(7)
      6 Conclusions                                268(5)
        Appendix                                   268(5)
    12 Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries for       273(20)
    Electric Vehicles
          Fuminori Mizuno
          Chihiro Yada
          Hideki Iba
      1 Introduction                               273(3)
      2 All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries      276(14)
      3 Conclusions                                290(3)
    13 Lithium-Ion Batteries for Storage of        293(18)
    Renewable Energies and Electric Grid Backup
          Matthias Vetter
          Lukas Rohr
      1 Introduction                               294(1)
      2 Applications                               295(6)
      3 System Concepts and Topologies             301(3)
      4 Components and Requirements                304(4)
      5 Conclusions                                308(3)
    14 Satellite Lithium-Ion Batteries             311(34)
          Yannick Borthomieu
      1 Introduction                               312(1)
      2 Satellite Missions                         313(5)
      3 Li-Ion Batteries for Satellites            318(6)
      4 Satellite Battery Technologies and         324(19)
      Suppliers
      5 Conclusion                                 343(2)
        Nomenclature                               343(2)
    15 Lithium-Ion Battery Management              345(16)
          Andrea Vezzini
      1 Introduction                               346(1)
      2 Battery Management Structure and Options   347(2)
      3 Battery Management Functions               349(3)
      4 State of Charge Controller                 352(9)
    16 Electronic Options for Lithium-Ion          361(26)
    Batteries
          Daniel D. Friel
      1 Introduction                               362(1)
      2 Basic Functions                            362(1)
      3 Monitoring                                 363(2)
      4 Measuring                                  365(2)
      5 Calculating                                367(1)
      6 Communicating                              368(2)
      7 Controlling                                370(2)
      8 One Series Li-Ion Cell Devices (3.6 V      372(2)
      Nominal)
      9 Two-Series Cell Devices (7.2 V Nominal)    374(1)
      10 Three and Four Series Cell Devices        375(1)
      (10.8-14.4 V Nominal)
      11 Five to Ten Series Cell Devices           376(4)
      12 Ten to Twenty Series Cells                380(2)
      13 Very Large Array Battery Systems          382(2)
      14 Conclusions                               384(3)
    17 Safety of Commercial Lithium-Ion Cells      387(22)
    and Batteries
          Judith Jeevarajan
      1 Introduction                               387(1)
      2 Commercial Lithium-Ion Battery Packs       388(1)
      for Portable Equipment
      3 Limitations of Commercial Lithium-Ion      389(12)
      Cells
      4 Quality Control of Commercial              401(1)
      Lithium-Ion Cells
      5 Commercial Lithium-Ion Cell- and           402(3)
      Battery-Safety Certification Process
      6 Conclusions                                405(4)
        Nomenclature                               406(3)
    18 Safety of Lithium-Ion Batteries             409(28)
          Zhengming (John) Zhang
          Premanand Ramadass
          Weifeng Fang
      1 Introduction                               409(3)
      2 System Level Safety                        412(1)
      3 Cell Level Safety                          413(2)
      4 Abuse Tolerance Tests                      415(10)
      5 Internal Short and Thermal Runaway         425(4)
      6 Large Format Cells and Safety              429(3)
      7 Lithium Deposition                         432(5)
    19 Lithium-Ion Cell Components and Their       437(24)
    Effect on High-Power Battery Safety
          Karim Zaghib
          Joel Dube
          Aimee Dallaire
          Karen Galoustov
          Abdelbast Guerfi
          Mayandi Ramanathan
          Aadil Benmayza
          Jai Prakash
          Alain Mauger
          Christian M. Julien
      1 Introduction                               438(1)
      2 Electrolytes                               439(5)
      3 The Separator                              444(2)
      4 Thermal Stability of the Cathode           446(3)
      5 Li4Ti5O12/LiFePO4: the Safest and Most     449(2)
      Powerful Couple
      6 Other Factors Related to Safety            451(3)
      7 Concluding Remarks                         454(7)
    20 Thermal Stability of Materials in           461(22)
    Lithium-Ion Cells
          Jun-ichi Yamaki
      1 Introduction                               461(1)
      2 Basic Consideration on Cell Safety         462(1)
      3 Chemical Reduction of the Electrolyte      463(5)
      by the Negative Electrode
      4 Thermal Decomposition of the Electrolyte   468(7)
      5 Electrolyte Oxidation at the Positive      475(3)
      Electrode
      6 Safety Evaluation by Abuse Tests           478(3)
      7 Conclusions                                481(2)
    21 Lithium-Ion Battery Environmental Impacts   483(26)
          Linda L. Gaines
          Jennifer B. Dunn
      1 Introduction                               483(1)
      2 Benefits of Lithium-Ion Battery            484(2)
      Recycling
      3 Environmental Impacts of Lithium-Ion       486(9)
      Batteries
      4 Overview and Analysis of Lithium-Ion       495(9)
      Battery Recycling Technologies
      5 Factors that Affect Recycling              504(2)
      6 Conclusions                                506(3)
        Nomenclature                               507(2)
    22 Recycling of Traction Batteries as a        509(20)
    Challenge and Chance for Future Lithium
    Availability
          Marcel Weil
          Saskia Ziemann
      1 Introduction: Criticality of Resources     509(1)
      2 Geographic Distribution of Lithium         510(6)
      Reserves and Resources
      3 Impact of Future Electric Mobility on      516(3)
      Lithium Demand
      4 Review of Presently Used Recycling         519(3)
      Quotas in Different Studies
      5 Influence of Different Recycling Quotas    522(2)
      on Lithium Availability
      6 Conclusions                                524(5)
    23 Manufacturers, Materials and Recycling      529(24)
    Technologies
          Andrea Vezzini
      1 Lithium Battery Manufacturers              530(6)
      2 Materials Used for Battery Production      536(3)
      and Their Cost
      3 Recycling                                  539(14)
    24 The Lithium-Ion Battery Value               553(14)
    Chain---Status, Trends and Implications
          Wolfgang Bernhart
      1 Introduction                               553(1)
      2 The LIB Market                             554(1)
      3 Cell and Material Manufacturing Process    555(7)
      4 Structure of the Value Chain and           562(5)
      Expected Changes
    25 Thermodynamics of Lithium-Ion Batteries     567(38)
          Rachid Yazami
          Kenza Maher
      1 Introduction                               568(1)
      2 Thermodynamic Measurements: Procedure      569(1)
      and Equipment
      3 Thermodynamics Data Before Aging: Cell     570(2)
      Chemistry Assessment
      4 Thermodynamics of Overcharged Cells        572(7)
      5 Thermodynamics of Thermally Aged Cells     579(11)
      6 Thermodynamics of Long-Cycled Cells        590(7)
      7 Thermodynamic Memory Effect                597(3)
      8 Conclusion                                 600(5)
        Nomenclature                               601(4)
Index                                              605