nnovation Development for Highly Energy-Efficient Housing: Opportunities and Challenges Related to the Adoption of Passive Houses
[Book Description]
In previous years we have seen a recognition of the significant potential that exists for reducing energy use through innovation in residential buildings. This study investigates innovation challenges and identifies opportunities that could lead to a rapid increase in the adoption of highly energy-efficient housing concepts, particularly that of the passive house. To this end, it exemplifies, interprets and develops the innovation adoption theory through an investigation of views and experiences on the supply side, the demand side and the policy side. It highlights successful innovation trajectories and barriers experienced by businesses. It addresses both problems and positive experiences from the perspective of the end user and investigates different policy approaches. As such, the research reveals important features of innovation-adoption strategies in the building sector. It shows how multi-player enterprise collaboration plays a key role, and the study also recommends the development of quality assurance schemes. It makes a valuable contribution to discussions about how active the role of government policymakers and enterprise networks should be.
[Table of Contents]
Acknowledgements
Foreword
1 Introduction 1 (56)
1.1 The passive house market: an 1 (6)
innovation research opportunity
1.2 Drivers of high energy efficiency; 7 (13)
opportunities for innovation
1.2.1 Combating climate change and 7 (2)
reducing greenhouse gas emissions
1.2.2 Securing energy supply 9 (2)
1.2.3 Combating the economic crisis 11 (1)
1.2.4 European policy development 12 (2)
1.2.5 The development of the policy 14 (3)
framework in the Netherlands
1.2.6 The passive house potential in 17 (3)
Belgium and the Netherlands
1.3 Problem definition 20 (2)
1.4 Goal of the research 22 (1)
1.5 Main research question and 23 (2)
sub-questions
1.6 Research method 25 (3)
1.7 Theoretical framework 28 (8)
1.7.1 General innovation framework 28 (1)
1.7.2 Key elements borrowed from 29 (7)
Rogers' innovation framework
1.8 General limitations of the research 36 (21)
References 37 (12)
Introduction to Part A: Adoption by 49 (5)
enterprises
References 54 (3)
2 Innovations in passive house projects 57 (26)
Abstract 57 (1)
2.1 Introduction 57 (2)
2.2 Research framework 59 (2)
2.2.1 Research goal 59 (1)
2.2.2 Research question and approach 59 (2)
2.2.3 Limitations of the research 61 (1)
2.3 Theoretical framework 61 (2)
2.4 Innovations in passive houses 63 (10)
2.4.1 Definitions and technology 63 (2)
criteria
2.4.2 Adoption of innovations in 65 (8)
demonstration projects
2.5 Opportunities and barriers 73 (4)
2.5.1 Supporting factors in the 73 (1)
adoption of innovation
2.5.2 Factors impeding the adoption of 74 (2)
innovation
2.5.3 Solutions identified 76 (1)
2.6 Conclusion 77 (6)
Acknowledgements 78 (1)
References 78 (5)
3 Opportunities for supplier-led systemic 83 (24)
innovation in highly energy-efficient
housing
Abstract 83 (1)
3.1 Introduction 83 (1)
3.2 Research strategy 84 (1)
3.3 Theoretical framework 85 (4)
3.4 The innovation journey of a supplier 89 (7)
in the context of highly energy-efficient
housing
3.4.1 Initiating the innovation journey 89 (3)
3.4.2 From incremental to system 92 (1)
innovation
3.4.3 From autonomous idea to systemic 93 (2)
coordination and cooperation
3.4.4 Further collaboration with the 95 (1)
passive house network
3.5 Discussion and reflection on theory 96 (3)
3.6 Conclusion 99 (8)
Acknowledgements 100(1)
References 100(7)
4 Collaboration opportunities in advanced 107(12)
housing renovation
Abstract 107(1)
4.1 Introduction 107(1)
4.2 Research approach 108(1)
4.3 Key concerns on the supply side 109(3)
4.4 Research on web-based portals 112(1)
4.5 Research on actor collaboration 113(4)
4.6 Conclusion 117(2)
Acknowledgements 118(1)
References 118(1)
5 Development of the passive house market: 119(28)
challenges and opportunities in the
transition from innovators to early adopters
Abstract 119(1)
5.1 Introduction 119(1)
5.2 Research strategy 120(2)
5.3 Enterprises involved in the adoption 122(3)
of innovation
5.3.1 Relevance of innovation phases 123(1)
5.3.2 Relevance of size of enterprises 123(1)
5.3.3 Collaboration between enterprises 124(1)
5.4 Experiences from a passive house 125(9)
transition to early adoption
5.4.1 Enterprise network data showing 125(3)
transition from innovation to early
adoption
5.4.2 Innovator versus early adopter 128(3)
enterprises
5.4.3 Reflection on theory regarding 131(2)
company size and innovation
5.4.4 Opportunities for and barriers to 133(1)
collaboration on the road to early
adoption
5.5 Conclusion 134(13)
References 136(5)
Introduction to Part B: User experiences 141(3)
References 144(3)
6 End-user experiences in nearly 147(24)
zero-energy houses
Abstract 147(1)
6.1 Introduction 147(1)
6.2 Research strategy 148(1)
6.3 End-user experience research in 149(7)
Germany, Austria and Switzerland
6.3.1 The literature on nearly 149(2)
zero-energy housing
6.3.2 The concept of nearly zero energy 151(1)
as a reason for choosing a house
6.3.3 General satisfaction according to 151(1)
end users
6.3.4 Satisfaction with indoor climate 152(1)
systems
6.3.5 The influence of control 153(1)
parameters on satisfaction levels
6.3.6 The influence of information and 154(1)
communication on satisfaction levels
6.3.7 Influence of the time factor on 154(1)
satisfaction levels
6.3.8 Conclusion 155(1)
6.4 End-user experience research in the 156(6)
Netherlands
6.4.1 Advancing end-user experience 156(1)
research
6.4.2 Motives for choosing a house 157(1)
6.4.3 General satisfaction according to 158(1)
end users
6.4.4 Satisfaction with indoor climate 158(1)
6.4.5 Satisfaction with ventilation 159(2)
systems
6.4.6 Conclusion 161(1)
6.5 Discussion and recommendations 162(9)
References 163(8)
7 Improving passive house certification: 171(24)
recommendations based on end-user
experiences
Abstract 171(1)
7.1 Introduction 171(2)
7.2 Research framework 173(1)
7.2.1 Goal of the research 173(1)
7.2.2 Structure of the research 173(1)
7.3 Passive house certification in 173(2)
Flanders
7.4 Post-occupancy evaluation research on 175(2)
passive houses
7.4.1 Detected critical issues related 175(1)
to comfort concerns
7.4.2 Research approach in Flanders 176(1)
7.5 Research results 177(6)
7.5.1 Results of the questionnaire: 177(4)
detecting important end-user concerns
7.5.2 Results from the site visits in 181(2)
two cases (interviews and measurements)
7.6 Opportunities for improving end-user 183(2)
satisfaction via passive house
certification
7.6.1 Using POE questionnaires to 183(1)
detect and address low appreciation
7.6.2 Integrate additional passive 183(2)
house certification requirements
7.7 Conclusion and recommendations 185(10)
Acknowledgements 186(1)
Addendum: Key questions for detecting 187(3)
building service related
comfort/quality concerns in passive
houses
References 190(5)
8 Adoption of highly energy-efficient 195(22)
renovation concepts
Abstract 195(1)
8.1 Introduction 195(2)
8.1.1 Highly energy-efficient renovation 195(1)
8.1.2 Innovation adoption 196(1)
8.2 Research definition 197(3)
8.3 Detailed case study 200(1)
8.4 Analysis 201(3)
8.4.1 Detected drivers 201(2)
8.4.2 Detected barriers 203(1)
8.5 Discussion 204(2)
8.6 Conclusion 206(11)
Acknowledgements 207(1)
References 208(3)
Introduction to Part C: Policy to 211(3)
stimulate adoption
References 214(3)
9 Policy definition of nearly zero-energy 217(34)
housing in Belgium and the Netherlands
Abstract 217(1)
9.1 Introduction 217(2)
9.2 Outline of research 219(3)
9.2.1 Research goal and research 219(1)
question
9.2.2 Research methodology 220(1)
9.2.3 Limitations of the research 221(1)
9.3 Adoption of definitions for highly 222(9)
energy-efficient housing in Belgium and
the Netherlands
9.3.1 General terms used 222(1)
9.3.2 Relevant definitions in research 223(2)
9.3.3 Definitions from demonstration 225(1)
projects
9.3.4 Definitions introduced for market 225(2)
creation
9.3.5 Legal definitions 227(1)
9.3.6 Discussion: the policy challenge 228(3)
of introducing `nearly zero energy' in
Belgium and the Netherlands
9.4 Experiences in other countries 231(4)
9.4.1 Zero-carbon in the UK 231(1)
9.4.2 `Zero-energy' definitions 232(1)
9.4.3 Discussion: relevance for Belgium 233(2)
and the Netherlands
9.5 Definitions with favourable 235(4)
innovation characteristics
9.5.1 Relating definitions to 235(1)
innovation diffusion
9.5.2 Opportunities and barriers in the 236(1)
Netherlands
9.5.3 Opportunities and barriers in 237(2)
Belgium
9.6 Discussion 239(1)
9.6 Conclusion 240(11)
Acknowledgements 240(1)
References 241(10)
10 Barriers and opportunities related to 251(32)
labels for highly energy-efficient houses
Abstract 251(1)
10.1 Introduction 251(1)
10.2 Research question and method 252(2)
10.2.1 Research question 252(1)
10.2.2 Research method 253(1)
10.3 Energy performance certificates and 254(2)
labels
10.3.1 The European Energy Performance 254(1)
of Buildings Directive (EPBD)
10.3.2 Labels for highly 255(1)
energy-efficient residential buildings
and passive houses
10.4 Model development: innovation 256(3)
diffusion theory applied to labels
10.4.1 Theory of diffusion of innovation 256(2)
10.4.2 Perceived attributes of labels 258(1)
from the communication perspective
10.5 Marketing and diffusion of labels in 259(4)
European member states
10.5.1 Internet questionnaire 259(1)
10.5.2 Increasing relative advantage 260(1)
and observability
10.5.3 Reducing complexity 260(2)
10.5.4 Trialability and re-invention 262(1)
10.5.5 Conclusion 263(1)
10.6 Compatibility of labels with EPBD 263(2)
development
10.7 Learning from advanced regions 265(9)
10.7.1 Introduction 265(1)
10.7.2 Germany 266(1)
10.7.3 Austria 267(2)
10.7.4 Belgium 269(1)
10.7.5 Italy, South Tyrol 270(1)
10.7.6 France 271(1)
10.7.7 Conclusion 272(2)
10.8 Conclusion 274(9)
References 276(7)
11 Success factors in the adoption of 283(28)
innovation: the promotion of passive housing
Abstract 283(1)
11.1 Introduction 283(2)
11.2 Research strategy 285(2)
11.3 Theory development 287(7)
11.3.1 Operational activities 287(1)
facilitating transition
11.3.2 Adoption of innovation 288(2)
11.3.3 Revisiting Rogers' innovation 290(4)
adoption model
11.4 Activities of a passive house network 294(7)
11.4.1 Various activities addressing 295(1)
both customers and businesses
11.4.2 Prior conditions 295(1)
11.4.3 Activities leading to awareness, 296(1)
`how-to' and `principles' knowledge
11.4.4 Activities facilitating 297(1)
persuasion
11.4.5 Activities facilitating decision 298(1)
and implementation
11.4.6 Activities concerned with 299(1)
confirmation, closing the loop
11.4.7 New segments and reinforcing 300(1)
conditions
11.5 Success factors for the creation of 301(3)
customer demand and market infrastructure
11.5.1 Adapting to changing prior 301(1)
conditions and market segments
11.5.2 Network activities reinforce 302(1)
each step of the decision process
11.5.3 Linking confirmation activities 303(1)
with knowledge generation
11.6 Conclusion 304(7)
Acknowledgements 306(1)
References 306(5)
12 Conclusions 311(40)
12.1 Introduction 311(2)
12.2 Opportunities and challenges related 313(19)
to the adoption of highly
energy-efficient housing
12.2.1 Challenges and opportunities for 315(2)
adoption by enterprises
12.2.2 Challenges and opportunities for 317(3)
adoption by end-users
12.2.3 Challenges and opportunities for 320(2)
adoption by government policymakers
12.2.4 Challenges and opportunities, as 322(10)
observed from the supply side, the
demand side and the policy side
12.3 Discussion: recommendations for 332(4)
further market development
12.4 Theoretical development and 336(15)
limitations of the research
12.4.1 Contribution to theory 336(5)
development
12.4.2 Limitations and future research 341(3)
References 344(1)
Further reading 345(6)
Appendix A Passive house projects in Belgium 351(10)
Abstract 351(1)
A.1 Introduction 351(1)
A.2 Certified passive buildings in 351(7)
Belgium in 2005
A.2.1 Heusden-Destelbergen 352(1)
A.2.2 Heusden-zolder 353(1)
A.2.3 Ename 354(1)
A.2.4 Wijtschate 355(1)
A.2.5 Torhout 356(1)
A.2.6 Bocholt 357(1)
A.3 Introduction of the passive house 358(1)
standard in service buildings
A.4 Conclusion 358(3)
Acknowledgements 359(1)
References 359(2)
Appendix B Emergence of a passive house niche 361(8)
network
B.1 Introduction 361(1)
B.2 Emergence of a Flemish passive house 361(5)
network
B.2.1 Development of expectations and 361(2)
visions
B.2.2 First ideas about needed learning 363(1)
B.2.3 Building of a formal enterprise 363(2)
network
B.2.4 Successful development of a 365(1)
proto-market
B.3 Some detected success factors 366(3)
References 367(2)
Appendix C Glossary 369(16)
Terms related to innovation 369(5)
Terms related to energy and buildings 374(11)
Summary 385(14)
Dutch summary 399(16)
Curriculum vitae 415
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