Earthquake-Resistant Design of Structures （2ND）

[Book Description]

It aims to explain the different sources of damage that can be triggered by an earthquake and the conceptual method of earthquake-resistant design. The book would also be useful for postgraduate students of civil engineering, practising engineers, and architects. Beginning with an introduction to earthquakes and ground motion, the book provides a detailed coverage of structures and soil in terms of their seismic response. The need for placing emphasis on conceptual design is covered in detail by enumerating factors that cause damage and by offering guidelines for efficient seismic-resistant design, with special attention to timber, masonry, concrete, and steel buildings.

[Table of Contents]

Preface to the Second Edition                      iii
Preface to the First Edition                       vii
Brief Contents                                     ix
    1 Earthquakes and Ground Motion                1  (42)
      1.1 The Interior of the Earth                2  (2)
      1.2 Causes of Earthquakes                    4  (6)
        1.2.1 The Indian Plate and Himalayan       4  (1)
        Earthquakes
        1.2.2 Elastic Rebound Theory               5  (3)
        1.2.3 Plate Tectonic Theory                8  (2)
        1.2.4 Causes of Volcanic Earthquakes       10 (1)
      1.3 Nature and Occurrence of Earthquakes     10 (2)
      1.4 Seismic Waves                            12 (3)
      1.5 Graphical Method of Locating             15 (1)
      Earthquakes
      1.6 Effects of Earthquakes                   16 (2)
      1.7 Consequences of Earthquake Damage        18 (1)
      1.8 Measurements of Earthquakes              18 (13)
        1.8.1 Intensity                            19 (5)
        1.8.2 Magnitude                            24 (3)
        1.8.3 Moment Magnitude                     27 (1)
        1.8.4 Magnitude and Intensity in           28 (1)
        Seismic Regions
        1.8.5 Seismographs                         29 (2)
      1.9 Strong Ground Motion                     31 (2)
      1.10 Local Site Effects                      33 (2)
        1.10.1 Topographic Effects                 34 (1)
        1.10.2 Basin Effects                       34 (1)
        1.10.1 Lateral Discontinuity Effects       34 (1)
      1.11 Classification of Earthquakes           35 (1)
      1.12 Seismic Zoning                          36 (1)
      1.13 Response of Structure to Earthquake     37 (2)
      Motion
      1.14 Seismic Design                          39 (4)
    2 Dynamics of Structures and Seismic           43 (75)
    Response
      2.1 Modelling of Structures                  46 (5)
        2.1.1 Lumped Mass Approach                 47 (2)
        2.1.2 Generalized Displacement Procedure   49 (1)
        2.1.3 Finite Element Procedure             50 (1)
      2.2 Equations of Motion                      51 (2)
        2.2.1 Direct Equilibration Using           51 (1)
        D'Alembert's Principle
        2.2.2 Principle of Virtual Displacements   52 (1)
        2.2.3 Energy Method---Hamilton's           52 (1)
        Principle
      2.3 Systems with Single Degree of Freedom    53 (1)
      2.4 Dynamic Response of Single-storey        54 (11)
      Structure
        2.4.1 Free Vibration Response              57 (6)
        2.4.2 Forced Vibration Response            63 (2)
      2.5 Seismic Response of SDOF Structures      65 (4)
        2.5.1 Elastic Seismic Response             66 (1)
        2.5.2 Inelastic Seismic Response           67 (2)
      2.6 Response Spectrum                        69 (7)
        2.6.1 Elastic Systems                      69 (4)
        2.6.2 Inelastic Systems                    73 (3)
      2.7 Design Spectrum                          76 (3)
        2.7.1 Elastic Systems                      77 (1)
        2.7.2 Inelastic Systems                    78 (1)
      2.8 Systems with Multiple Degrees of         79 (3)
      Freedom
        2.8.1 Equations of Motion                  80 (2)
      2.9 Periods and Modes of Vibration of        82 (2)
      MDOF Systems
      2.10 Elastic Response of MDOF Systems        84 (2)
      2.11 Inelastic Response of MDOF Systems      86 (1)
      2.12 Restoring Force                         87 (1)
      2.13 Damping                                 88 (2)
      2.14 Damping Values for Buildings            90 (1)
      2.15 Uncertainties of Dynamic Analysis       91 (27)
    3 Dynamics of Soils and Seismic Response       118(31)
      3.1 Stress Conditions of Soil Element        119(2)
      3.2 Dynamic Behaviour of Soil                121(7)
        3.2.1 Settlement of Dry Sands              121(1)
        3.2.2 Liquefaction of Saturated            122(6)
        Cohesionless Soils
      3.3 Dynamic Design Parameters of Soils       128(2)
        3.3.1 Shear Modulus                        128(2)
        3.3.2 Damping                              130(1)
      3.4 Soil--Structure Interaction              130(2)
      3.5 Dynamic Analysis of Soil-Structure       132(7)
      Systems
        3.5.1 Soil Models                          132(5)
        3.5.2 Methods of Analysis                  137(2)
      3.6 Seismic Considerations for Foundations   139(4)
        3.6.1 Shallow Foundations (Spread          140(2)
        Footing)
        3.6.2 Deep Foundations (Pile Foundation)   142(1)
      3.7 Test of Soil Characteristics             143(6)
        3.7.1 Field Tests                          143(2)
        3.7.2 Laboratory Tests                     145(4)
    4 Conceptual Design                            149(27)
      4.1 Continuous Load Path                     150(1)
      4.2 Overall Form                             151(1)
      4.3 Simplicity, Unformity, and Symmetry      152(2)
      4.4 Elongated Shapes                         154(1)
      4.5 Stiffness and Strength                   155(3)
      4.6 Horizontal and Vertical Members          158(1)
      4.7 Twisting of Buildings                    159(3)
      4.8 Ductility                                162(2)
      4.9 Flexible Building                        164(1)
      4.10 Functional Planning                     165(1)
      4.11 Framing Systems                         166(3)
      4.12 Effect of Non-structural Elements       169(1)
      4.13 Choice of Construction Materials        170(6)
    5 Code-based Analysis Method and Design        176(71)
    Approaches
      5.1 Seismic Design Requirements              178(4)
      5.2 Design Earthquake Loads                  182(2)
        5.2.1 Design Horizontal Earthquake Load    182(1)
        5.2.2 Design Vertical Earthquake Load      182(1)
        5.2.3 Combination for Two-or               182(1)
        Three-component Motion
        5.2.4 Basic Load Combinations              183(1)
      5.3 Permissible Stresses                     184(1)
      5.4 Seismic Methods of Analysis              185(6)
        5.4.1 Basic Assumptions                    187(1)
        5.4.2 Methods of Elastic Analysis          187(2)
        5.4.3 Limitations of Equivalent Lateral    189(1)
        Force and Response Spectrum Analysis
        Procedures
        5.4.4 Equivalent Lateral Force vs          190(1)
        Response Spectrum Analysis Procedures
      5.5 Factors in Seismic Analysis              191(4)
        5.5.1 Zone Factor [IS 1893 (Part 1):       191(1)
        2002, Clause 6.4]
        5.5.2 Importance Factor [IS 1893 (Part     191(1)
        1): 2002, Clause 7.2]
        5.5.3 Response Reduction Factor [IS        192(2)
        1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 6.4]
        5.5.4 Fundamental Natural Period           194(1)
        5.5.5 Design Response Spectrum [IS 1893    194(1)
        (Part 1): 2002, Clause 6.4.5]
      5.6 Seismic Base Shear                       195(1)
      5.7 Seismic Weight [IS 1893 (Part 1):        196(1)
      2002, Clause 7.4]
      5.8 Distribution of Design Force [IS 1893    197(5)
      (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.7]
        5.8.1 Equivalent Lateral Force Method      197(1)
        5.8.2 Response Spectrum Method             198(4)
      5.9 Time-history Method                      202(1)
      5.10 Torsion [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002,        203(2)
      Clause 7.9]
      5.11 Soft and Weak Storeys in                205(1)
      Construction [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002,
      Clause 7.10]
      5.12 Overturning Moment                      206(1)
      5.13 Other Structural Requirements           207(3)
        5.13.1 Storey Drift [IS 1893 (Part 1):     207(1)
        2002, Clause 7.11.1]
        5.13.2 Deformation Compatibility of        208(1)
        Non-seismic Members (IS 1893 (Part 1):
        2002, Clause 7.11.2)
        5.13.3 Separation between Adjacent         209(1)
        Units [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause
        7.11.3]
        5.13.4 Foundations [IS 1893 (Part 1):      209(1)
        2002, Clause 7.12.1]
        5.13.5 Cantilever Projections [IS 1893     209(1)
        (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.12.2]
        5.13.6 Compound Walls [IS 1893 (Part       210(1)
        I): 2002, Clause 7.12.3]
        5.13.7 Connections between Parts [IS       210(1)
        1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.12.4]
      5.14 Earthquake-resistant Design Methods     210(1)
      5.15 Seismic Response Control                211(1)
      5.16 Seismic Response Control Systems        212(2)
      5.17 Passive Seismic Control System          214(10)
        5.17.1 Base Isolation and Isolating        214(6)
        Devices
        5.17.2 Energy Dissipation and              220(4)
        Dissipating Devices---Dampers
        5.17.3 Dynamic Oscillators                 224(1)
      5.18 Active Seismic Control System           224(2)
      5.19 Hybrid Seismic Control Systems          226(1)
      5.20 Semi-active Control Systems             227(20)
    6 Masonry Buildings                            247(51)
      6.1 Categories of Masonry Buildings          248(1)
      6.2 Behaviour of Unreinforced Masonry        249(3)
      Walls
      6.3 Behaviour of Reinforced Masonry Walls    252(1)
      6.4 Behaviour of Walls---Box Action and      253(3)
      Bands
      6.5 Behaviour of Infill Walls                256(3)
      6.6 Confined Masonry Construction            259(3)
      6.7 Improving Seismic Behaviour of           262(7)
      Masonry Buildings
      6.8 Load Combinations and Permissible        269(1)
      Stresses
      6.9 Seismic Design Requirements              269(1)
      6.10 Seismic Design of Masonry Buildings     270(5)
      6.11 Restoration and Strengthening of        275(23)
      Masonry Walls
        6.11.1 Grouting                            275(1)
        6.11.2 Guniting                            275(4)
        6.11.3 Prestressing                        279(1)
        6.11.4 External Binding                    279(1)
        6.11.5 Inserting New Wall                  280(18)
    7 Timber Buildings                             298(32)
      7.1 Structural Form                          299(1)
      7.2 Connections                              300(10)
        7.2.1 Nailed Joints                        301(3)
        7.2.2 Bolted Joints                        304(3)
        7.2.3 Connector Joints                     307(1)
        7.2.4 Finger Joints                        308(2)
      7.3 Lateral Load Transfer in Timber          310(1)
      Buildings
      7.4 Floors and Roofs                         310(4)
      7.5 Timber Shear Panel Construction          314(1)
      7.6 Stud-wall Construction                   315(3)
      7.7 Brick-nogged Timber Frame Construction   318(2)
      7.8 Substructure                             320(1)
      7.9 Site Response                            321(1)
      7.10 Ductile Behaviour of Joints             321(1)
      7.11 Fire Resistance                         322(1)
      7.12 Decay                                   323(1)
      7.13 Permissible Stresses                    323(2)
      7.14 Restoration and Strengthening           325(5)
        7.14.1 Strengthening of Slabs              325(5)
    8 Reinforced Concrete Buildings                330(72)
      8.1 Damage to RC Buildings                   331(1)
      8.2 Principles of Earthquake-resistant       332(3)
      Design of RC Members
        8.2.1 Ductile Failure                      332(3)
      8.3 Interaction between Concrete and Steel   335(3)
      8.4 Concrete Detailing---General             338(2)
      Requirements
      8.5 Flexural Members in Frames               340(8)
        8.5.1 Dimensions                           341(1)
        8.5.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement           341(3)
        8.5.3 Lap Splices                          344(1)
        8.5.4 Web Reinforcement                    345(3)
      8.6 Columns and Frame Members Subjected      348(3)
      to Bending and Axial Load
        8.6.1 Dimensions                           348(1)
        8.6.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement           348(2)
        8.6.3 Transverse Reinforcement             350(1)
      8.7 Special Confining Reinforcement          351(6)
      8.8 Joints of Frames                         357(2)
      8.9 Slabs                                    359(1)
        8.9.1 Diaphragm Action                     359(1)
        8.9.2 Ductile Detailing                    360(1)
      8.10 Staircases                              360(3)
      8.11 Upstands and Parapets                   363(1)
      8.12 Shear Walls                             363(1)
      8.13 Behaviour of Shear Walls                364(3)
      8.14 Tall Shear Walls                        367(4)
        8.14.1 Flexural Strength                   367(3)
        8.14.2 Shear Strength                      370(1)
        8.14.3 Construction Joints                 371(1)
      8.15 Squat Shear Walls                       371(2)
      8.16 Design of Shear Walls                   373(3)
      8.17 Restoration and Strengthening           376(3)
        8.17.1 Restoration                         376(1)
        8.17.2 Strengthening                       376(3)
      8.18 Prestressed Concrete Construction       379(4)
        8.18.1 Specifications                      380(1)
        8.18.2 Characteristics                     381(2)
      8.19 Precast Concrete Construction           383(19)
    9 Steel Buildings                              402(47)
      9.1 Seismic Behaviour of Structural Steel    405(1)
      9.2 Materials and Workmanship                406(3)
      9.3 Steel Frames                             409(12)
        9.3.1 Behaviour of Unbraced Frames         413(3)
        9.3.2 Behaviour of Braced Frames           416(5)
      9.4 Flexural Members                         421(2)
        9.4.1 Behaviour under Cyclic Loading       422(1)
      9.5 Frame Members Subjected to Axial         423(2)
      Compression and Bending
        9.5.1 Moment-Curvature Relationship for    424(1)
        Columns
        9.5.2 Behaviour of Columns under Cyclic    424(1)
        Loading
      9.6 Connection Design and Joint Behaviour    425(4)
        9.6.1 Detailing of Steel Connections       426(1)
        9.6.2 Behaviour of Connections under       427(2)
        Cyclic Loading
      9.7 Steel Panel Zones                        429(4)
        9.7.1 Deformation Behaviour of Panel       430(1)
        Zone
        9.7.2 Detailing Panel Zone for Seismic     430(1)
        Resistance
        9.7.3 Stiffeners in Panel Zone             431(2)
      9.8 Bracing Members                          433(4)
        9.8.1 Behaviour of Bracing under Cyclic    435(2)
        Loading
      9.9 Loads and Load Combinations              437(1)
      9.10 Ductile Design of Frame Members         438(1)
      9.11 Retrofitting and Strengthening of       438(11)
      Structural Steel Frames
        9.11.1 Retrofitting                        439(1)
        9.11.2 Strengthening                       439(10)
    10 Non-structural Elements                     449(21)
      10.1 Failure Mechanisms of Non-structures    450(1)
      10.2 Effect of Non-structural Elements on    451(2)
      Structural System
      10.3 Analysis of Non-structural Elements     453(6)
        10.3.1 Dynamic Analysis454(1)
        10.3.2 Equivalent Static Analysis          455(4)
      10.4 Prevention of Non-structural Damage     459(3)
        10.4.1 Architectural Components            459(2)
        10.4.2 Mechanical and Electrical           461(1)
        Components
      10.5 Isolation of Non-structures             462(8)
        10.5.1 Architectural Components            462(1)
        10.5.2 Mechanical Components               463(7)
    11 Bhuj Earthquake 2001: A Case Study          470(13)
      11.1 Earthquake Parameters and Effects       471(2)
        11.1.1 Geological Effects                  472(1)
        11.1.2 Geotechnical Effects                472(1)
      11.2 Buildings                               473(10)
        11.2.1 Masonry Buildings                   473(2)
        11.2.2 Reinforced Concrete Buildings       475(6)
        11.2.3 Precast Buildings                   481(2)
  Appendices                                       483(10)
      I Seismic Zones in India                     483(1)
      II Some Significant Earthquakes in India     484(1)
      III Zone Factor for Some Important Towns     484(2)
      in India
      IV Definitions of Irregular                  486(1)
      Buildings---Plan Irregularities
      V Definitions of Irregular                   487(1)
      Buildings---Vertical Irregularities
      VI Determination of Natural Frequencies      488(1)
      and Mode Shapes
      VII Horizontal Seismic Coefficient           489(1)
      (α0)
      VIII Importance Factor (I)                   489(1)
      IX Soil-foundation Factor (β)           490(1)
      X Second-order Effects (P-Δ Effects)   490(2)
      XI Bauschinger Effect                        492(1)
Bibliography                                       493(13)
Index                                              506