哲学社会科学版
陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)
新汉语史的构建
汉语语法从殷商到西周的发展
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姚 振 武
(中国社会科学院 语言研究所, 北京 100026)
姚振武,男,江西南昌人,中国社会科学院语言研究所研究员。
摘要:
在汉语发展史上,西周时期是承上启下的重要时期。西周汉语几乎继承了殷商汉语的所有重要的语法现象,同时又开启或廓大了汉语许多重要语法现象。词类方面,产生了状态形容词、双音节性质形容词、疑问代词、情态方式副词。并列连词有所增加,又产生了递进连词、顺承连词、原因连词、结果连词、转折连词、假设连词、让步连词等等。构词法方面,产生了词尾“若、如、然、焉、斯、其”等,汉语从此有了附加式造词法;产生了语音造词法,汉语从此有了叠音词、双声联绵词、叠韵联绵词、非双声叠韵联绵词等等;产生了动词性联合型复合词。以上三方面,标志着汉语双音节化趋势的形成。句法方面,产生了结构助词,汉语从此有了一批重要的句法结构,如“主+之+谓”“定+之+中”“V者”“所V”等。产生了“数+量+名”结构,尤其是出现个体量词的“数+量+名”结构。产生了处置式和动结式,使动式进一步丰富。及物动词、数词、方位词等都有了使动用法。同时还产生了使动三宾语句以及一批复杂动宾式。
关键词:
上古汉语语法史; 西周汉语语法; 早期构词法; 早期句法
收稿日期:
2016-05-28
中图分类号:
H04
文献标识码:
A
文章编号:
1672-4283(2017)01-0069-16
基金项目:
Doi:
The Development of Chinese Grammar From the Shang Era to the Western Zhou Era
YAO Zhenwu
( Institute of language, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100026)
Abstract:
The Western Zhou era is an important period for the development of Chinese language history. Chinese language in the Western Zhou era inherited most of the important grammatical features while it boost the development of new grammatical features. For word class, the emerge of conditional adjectives, disyllable adjectives, interrogative pronouns, and modal adverbs, gave birth to new types of word class. The numbers of coordinate increased and new types of conjunctions, such as disjunctives, causal conjunctions, consecutive conjunctions appeared. For the wordformation, the emerge of termination, such as “ruo(若),ru(如),ran(然)……” indicated the existence of adjoined wordformation;reiterative locutions(叠音词) alliterative words(双声联绵) and assonance words(叠韵联绵) indicated the emerge of phonic wordformation, also verbal composition compounding appeared. All three aspects can illustrate the trend for disyllable in Chinese language. For syntactic feature perspective, some significant structures such as “S(主)+ zhi(之)+V(谓)”, “attribute(定)+zhi(之)+zhong(中)”“V+zhe(者)” and “suo(所)+V” increased the number of structural auxiliary words. Meanwhile, the structure of “numberal(数)+quantifier(量)+n(名)” appeared. Furthermore, disposal construction(处置式) and causative construction(使动) can be used for transitive verbs and numeral words.
KeyWords:
grammar history of early ancient Chinese; grammar of the Western Zhou Dynasty; wordbuilding of early ancient Chinese; syntax of early ancient Chinese