基于区块链的工程施工质量管理研究

吴海涛

摘 要

随着“中国建造”的提出，施工质量管理愈发受到学者们的重视。然而，施工实践中存在质量信息记录真实性差、质量验收自动化程度低的问题，阻碍了质量管理的提升。区块链又称分布式账本技术，已经成为各个领域的研究热点，具备去中心化、信息难以篡改、信息来源明确等特点，有潜力解决以上问题，并推动建筑行业往高效、透明、负责的范式转变。因此，本文探索了基于区块链的工程施工质量管理，主要研究工作包括：

首先，本文介绍了区块链的定义及类型，其关键技术和开发平台，回顾了施工质量管理相关理论、信息技术及应用局限。目前施工质量管理中存在信息安全性、透明性、可追溯性差，质量问责追溯困难等问题。结合区块链理论，本文分析了其在施工质量管理中的应用价值。

其次，本文指出了区块链类型的选择路径，据此指出联盟链适合施工质量管理的应用场景，并基于Hyperledger Fabric的开发平台，设计了施工质量信息管理的联盟链的参与主体及其相应的信息权限。之后，提出了基于联盟链的施工质量信息管理总体框架，以检验批为单位设计了质量联盟链中的施工质量信息OP模型。再次，本文分析了基于共识机制的施工质量信息存储流程，讨论了基于联盟链中检验批的施工质量验收流程，并基于Hyperledger Explorer可视化了一个质量联盟链网络实例。

最后，本文分析了基于智能合约的施工质量合规性审查的优势，指出智能合约开发是一项知识密集型工作，提出了一个基于本体和语义规则的智能合约自动开发框架。之后，以“钻孔灌注桩”检验批为例阐述了基于智能合约的施工质量自动合规审查流程，给出了相应的智能合约代码。

本文研究表明区块链可以确保施工质量信息真实、透明，提高质量验收的自动化程度，有潜力为施工质量管理带来深刻变革。本文研究成果对改善施工质量管理和探索建筑行业的区块链应用有借鉴意义。

关键词：施工质量；质量信息管理；合规审查；区块链；智能合约

Abstract

With the proposal of “Built by China”, construction quality management has been paid more and more attention by scholars. However, there are some problems in construction practice, such as poor authenticity of quality information record and low degree of automation of compliance examination, hindering the improvement of quality management. Blockchain, with decentralized, tamper-proof, clear source and traceable characteristics, is referred to distributed ledger technology which has the potential to address the problems in construction practice and promote a paradigm shift in the construction industry towards efficiency, transparency, and accountability change. Therefore, this paper explores the application of blockchain technology in construction quality management. The main research work includes:

Frist of all, this paper introduces the the definition and types of blockchain, its key technologies and development platforms, and reviews the related theories and information technology as well as its limitations in the construction quality management. Currently, there are some problems in construction quality management, such as low information security, poor transparency and traceability, lack of quality accountability. Based on the blockchain theory, the potential benefits of blockchain technology are analyzed in the construction quality management.

Secondly, the path for selecting the approitate blockchain type is built in this paper, and based on the selection path, we pointed that the consortium blockchain is suitable in construction quality management. Based on Hyperledger Fabric, a consortium blockchain network for construction quality information management is designed which includes the paricipants and these corresponding information rights. Then, a consortium blockchain-based framework is proposed, and taking inspection batch as unit, the ‘OP’ model of construction quality information is designed in the consortium blockchain. Additionally, the information storage process is introduced based on the consensus mechanism, and then, the quality acceptance process of the inspection batch was analyzed in the consortium blockchain. An example of a quality consortium blockchain is visualized based on Hyperledger Explorer.

Finally, the advantages of construction quality compliance checking based on smart contracts are analyzed in this paper. Considering the development of smart contracts is A knowledge-intensive, a framework aiming to facilitate the creation of smart contracts is proposed based on ontology and and SWRL (Semantic Web Rule Language) techniques. Then, taking the “bored pile” as an example, this paper presents the process of automated quality compliance checking based on smart contracts and shows the corresponding smart contract codes.

Research shows that blockchain technology can ensure the authenticity and transparency of construction quality information, and improve the degree of automation of quality acceptance. Therefore, blockchain has the transformative power to changes construction quality management. The research result is of great significance to improve construction quality management and explore the application of blockchain in the construction industry.

Keywords: Construction Quality; Quality Information Management; Compliance Checking; Blockchain; Smart Contract