基于区块链的施工质量控制体系研究

吴冷希

摘要

在当前经济发展“新常态”下，“新基建”的提出与实施，对建筑业转型升级提出了更高要求，传统粗放式质量管理模式已经无法满足日益增长的工程质量管理需求，前沿信息技术开始不断应用在工程质量管理中。然而，目前施工质量控制模式中仍存在不少典型问题：质量管理组织不完善、质量信息孤岛断层现象严重、质量信息时效性与真实性难以保障等等。区块链作为当代前沿热点技术，具有在施工质量控制主体之间建立信任链条的技术应用潜力，其技术特点可确保质量信息安全可靠且可追溯，能够通过高效的分布式决策机制达成工程质量目标，因此，研究区块链技术在施工质量控制中的应用具有重要的工程意义。

本文围绕基于区块链的施工质量控制展开研究，主要包含三部分内容。

首先，分析了区块链与施工质量控制结合的必要性，从施工质量控制的业务流程、主体、信息模型与区块链选型4个层面，设计了基于区块链的施工质量控制方案，初步构建了基于区块链的施工质量控制体系。

其次，对施工质量控制联盟链运作机制进行设计与论述。为确保质量信息来源的可追溯性以及对各节点身份权限进行管理，设定了身份认证机制，包括密钥分配、节点身份注册与认证三个流程。为保证质量信息时效性、安全性与可靠性，实现质量信息结构化存储与安全访问，设定了数据存储与访问机制。共识机制可以确保各全节点存储一致信息，在选取PBFT算法基础之上，结合施工质量控制特点对PBFT进行了优化改进，设计了动态节点添加以及二段一致性协议流程。质量评价智能合约可实现对质量信息的自动分析与处理，本文设计了质量指标体系与方法，阐述了合约部署与调用流程。

最后，基于某工程案例设计了基于区块链的施工质量控制信息化系统架构。该系统包括系统管理、项目管理、计划质量管理、过程质量管理与结果质量管理5大功能模块，通过对该工程案例应用的实施推演，评估了该系统能够实现质量信息实时收集、辅助质量改进与质量可追溯的应用效果。进一步论证了区块链应用在施工质量控制中的可行性与优越性，是解决当前信息化施工质量控制中存在的问题的有效途径之一。

关键词：区块链；施工质量控制；共识算法；质量评价

Abstract

Under the current "new normal" of economic development, the proposal and implementation of "new infrastructure" have put forward higher requirements for the transformation and upgrading of the construction industry, and the traditional extensive quality management model has been unable to meet the growing needs of engineering quality management. Cutting-edge information technology has been continuously used in engineering quality management. However, there are still many typical problems in the current construction quality control mode, such as imperfect quality management organization, serious isolated island fault phenomenon of quality information, difficult to guarantee the effectiveness and authenticity of quality information, and so on. As a contemporary frontier hot technology, block chain has the technical application potential of establishing trust chain among construction quality control subjects, and its technical characteristics can ensure that quality information is safe, reliable and traceable, and the project quality goal can be achieved through efficient distributed decision-making mechanism. therefore, it is of great engineering significance to study the application of block chain technology in construction quality control.

This paper focuses on the construction quality control based on block chain, which mainly consists of three parts.

First of all, the necessity of combining block chain with construction quality control is analyzed, and the construction quality control scheme based on block chain is designed from four aspects: business process, main body, information model and block chain selection of construction quality control. a construction quality control system based on block chain is constructed.

Secondly, the operation mechanism of construction quality control alliance chain is designed and discussed. In order to ensure the traceability of the source of quality information and manage the identity rights of each node, an identity authentication mechanism is set up, including key distribution, node identity registration and authentication. In order to ensure the timeliness, security and reliability of quality information, and to realize the structured storage and secure access of quality information, the data storage and access mechanism is set up. Consensus mechanism can ensure that all nodes store consistent information. Based on the selection of PBFT algorithm and combined with the characteristics of construction quality control, PBFT is optimized and improved, and the processes of dynamic node addition and two-stage consistency protocol are designed. The intelligent contract of quality evaluation can realize the automatic analysis and processing of quality information. This paper designs the quality index system and method, and expounds the process of contract deployment and transfer.

Finally, based on a project case, the construction quality control information system architecture based on block chain is designed. The system includes five functional modules: system management, project management, plan quality management, process quality management and result quality management. Through the implementation and deduction of the application of the project case, the application effect of the system is evaluated, which can realize real-time collection of quality information, auxiliary quality improvement and quality traceability. This paper further demonstrates the feasibility and superiority of the application of block chain in construction quality control, which is one of the effective ways to solve the problems existing in the current information construction quality control.

Keywords: Block chain; Construction quality control; Consensus algorithm;Quality evaluation