付静宇*(中国政法大学刑事司法学院，北京100088)

【摘要】作为网络技术与司法程序深入融合的产物，电子化证据极大地提升了在线诉讼运行的流畅度和高效性，但也暴露了与直接言词原则、最佳证据规则以及传闻证据规则等诉讼理论之间的矛盾。与此同时，由于受主体、技术和规则等因素的制约，电子化证据面临辩方诉讼参与能力不足导致在线质证流于形式、技术条件障碍造成在线质证效果欠佳、电子化证据与原件的认定困难致使在线质证难度较大等现实困境，对在线质证活动产生消极影响。为回应上述挑战和风险，应在明确电子化证据“双重准入”的证据资格基础上，重新诠释传统证据规则以赋予新时代内涵，并采取相应举措来切实保障证据材料向电子化证据这一转变过程的规范性、合法性和可操作性，从而推动在线诉讼机制走向成熟，主要包括:增强辩方诉讼参与能力，为在线质证提供能力保障;破解电子化证据的技术难题，为在线诉讼提供稳健的质证环境;优化电子化证据审查规则，为在线质证提供规则保障。

【关键词】电子化证据;质证;在线诉讼;原件;最佳证据规则

【中图分类号】D915.13

【文献标识码】A

【文章编号】1674-1226(2024)02-0217-12

The dilemma of the examination of electronical evidence in online criminal trials and the path to optimization.Fu Jingyu.China University of Political Science and law.

【Abstract】As a product of the deep integration of network technology and judicial procedures,electronical evidence has greatly improved the fluency and efficiency of online litigation.However,it also contradicts with litigation theories such as the principle of direct and verbal trial,the best evidence rule,and the hearsay evidence rule.At the same time,due to constraints from subjects,technology,and relevant rules,electronical evidence faces practical challenges,which negatively impact on the practice of online cross-examination.For example,the insufficiency of the defense’s litigation participation ability causes online cross-examination becoming formalistic;Technical barriers lead to unsatisfactory online cross-examination;Difficulties in identifying electronical evidence and originals make online cross-examination more challenging.In response to these challenges and risks,it is necessary to clarify the admissibility of electronical evidence based on the"dual access"principle,to reinterpret traditional evidence rules by incorporating new connotations of the new era,and to take corresponding measures to ensure the process of transforming evidence materials to electronical evidence to be normative,legal,and implementable,so as to promote the maturity of online litigation mechanisms.These measures mainly include:enhancing the defense’s litigation participation ability so as to provide litigant’s ability support in guaranteeing the effectiveness of online cross-examination,solving technical problems of electronical evidence so as to provide a stable cross-examination environment for online litigation,and optimizing the rules of electronical evidence examination so as to provide legal support in guaranteeing the effectiveness of online cross-examination.

【Key Words】Electronical evidence;Cross-examination;Online litigation;Original evidence;Best evidence rule